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10 people who literally came back to life

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By Lauren Cahn

Thanks to state-of-the-art medical technology—like defibrillators in nearly every place of business—life after death is more possible than ever. Check out these incredible tales from the other side—and what the survivors experienced.

Second chances

It’s easy to shrug off those miraculous stories about people who were effectively dead and then returned to life. But sometimes, this really does happen, and it’s not a hoax but is in fact reality! Sometimes modern medicine proves its worth; other times the shocking recovery amazes even the doctors. Here are some incredible-but-true stories of people who were, for all intents and purposes, dead—until they weren’t.

His heart had been stopped for nearly a minute

His heart had been stopped for nearly a minute
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Paul Finkelstein, a 45-year-old lawyer, was in court when he began having trouble breathing. A colleague called emergency services and fed him baby aspirin—chewing it can prevent clotting that can further damage the heart. Nonetheless, Finkelstein suffered a full cardiac arrest and flatlined. He was clinically dead for 43 seconds before a defibrillator brought him back. “I came back for Peri,” he tells Reader’s Digest nine years later: Peri is his daughter who battles a form of muscular dystrophy; she remains Finkelstein’s inspiration to continue.

He survived a “widowmaker”

He survived a “widowmaker”
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Three years ago, Bobby Galvan was gardening when he collapsed. He wasn’t even 50, but he had suffered what’s known as a “widowmaker”—a massive heart attack caused by an arterial blockage. Bobby’s situation was doubly bad: Two of his three major arteries were 100 per cent blocked. But miraculously, he was revived and rushed to hospital, where he survived two surgeries to repair the blockage and the damage. He’s alive and well today.

Check out these handy tips to survive just about anything.

She was dead from heart failure; she’s alive today

She was dead from heart failure; she’s alive today
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“On Christmas Day of 2013, I died of heart failure,” Claire Goodwin tells Reader’s Digest. Her death was a culmination of a years-long battle with anorexia nervosa and a form of bulimia. Five years later, she recalls the experience as quiet: She felt relief, but she also felt like she was underwater. “I was in the hospital, so thankfully I was resuscitated in time to avoid brain damage or other lasting effects.” Today at 26, Claire has fully recovered and is grateful for a second chance.

He was killed by a rocket-propelled grenade (RPG), alive today

He was killed by a rocket-propelled grenade (RPG), alive today
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Yonas Hagos was 10 when he emigrated from a Sudanese refugee camp. After growing up in the United States, he joined the Army—and then he made the ultimate sacrifice: Hagos was hit by a rocket-propelled grenade and was clinically dead for 45 seconds. He remembers nothing of those seconds spent on the other side. “When I gained consciousness, all that mattered was that I was fighting for my life.” Hagos was awarded a Purple Heart and is now a successful business owner of a pet store.

His heart stopped, but CPR and an AED saved his life

His heart stopped, but CPR and an AED saved his life
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Photographer Neil Carew‘s heart stopped in February 2018 while he was setting up a photo shoot at a local school. Quick-thinking school staffers called an ambulance and began performing CPR on the 74-year-old. The principal grabbed an AED and gave it to the nurse to shock Neil’s heart into restarting. It worked, Neil tells Reader’s Digest: “If not for that AED, I’d be six feet under.”

He spent time in heaven

He spent time in heaven
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Trenton McKinley is a 13-year-old boy who was resuscitated after being dead for 15 minutes following a devastating dune buggy accident. Doctors were certain Trenton’s 15 minutes of flat-line had irreversibly damaged his brain, and for the next several days, he was kept on life support while his family made the decision to donate his organs to five children in need. But then Trenton began showing signs of cognition, and when he was fully awake, he told his family he’d seen heaven. Although Trenton suffers from pain and seizures and has lost 22 kilograms, he still has a sense of humour, reports Fox10 News.

Meet 6 people who’ve lived before—their chilling reincarnation stories are amazing!

He was hit by a car and left for dead

He was hit by a car and left for dead
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In February 2018, private equity fund manager Robin Lee Allen had just left a meditation class when he realised a car was coming at him the wrong way down a one-way street. Allen tried to dive out of the way, but the car—whose driver turned out to be drunk—hit him anyway. Thankfully, Allen has no memory of the impact; he does remember coming to after being revived by a defibrillator and hearing the EMT say, “Don’t cut off all of his clothes here—there are too many people taking pictures.”

She survived a suicide attempt

She survived a suicide attempt
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Kathryn Goetze narrowly survived a suicide attempt in her early 20s. “It was alcohol and a ton of pills, and I actually left my body and could see myself lying there.” The next thing she remembers is being back inside her own body, and vomiting into the toilet. She made the attempt just a few years after her father had committed suicide. In the 20 years since these events, Kathryn was inspired to create a global charity for mental health and a curriculum for teaching hope. “Clearly it was not my time,” she says. “There was work to be done.”

She was stillborn

She was stillborn
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Author Milana Perepyolkina entered this world with no heartbeat, no breath, and blue skin. The doctors handed Milana to her mother, giving her a chance to say goodbye. “She held me in her arms, giving me all the love she had for the daughter she would not watch grow up, not dress in beautiful skirts, not sing lullabies to, not braid her hair, not play dolls with her.” And then—Milana’s heart started beating. “My mother tells me I looked at her like an adult, with wisdom, with understanding. Her love brought me back to life.”

She passed away under the knife

She passed away under the knife
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In 2013, nurse Becky Lockridge, was undergoing a liver resection. While she was under anaesthesia, her heart stopped. It’s the only part of the surgery Becky remembers. “My late grandmother appeared before me and insisted I return,” she tells Reader’s Digest. “I thought of my two sons, for whom I’m a single mother, and I knew she was right.”

Next, read about some tough life decisions people had to make

Source: RD.com

10 compliments your kids really need to hear

By PJ Feinstein

You may be generous with the compliments, but are you saying the right things? Our experts explain how making small changes to how you compliment your child can have a big impact on their self-esteem.

“Great job on the A+!”

When your child earns an A+ on an assignment, it can be hard to stop yourself from exclaiming, “You’re so incredibly smart!” But using strong adverbs and adjectives like “incredibly” or “amazing” can actually have a negative effect on kids, says Dr Nicholas Westers, a clinical child psychologist. For children with low self-esteem, he explains, “inflated praise may inadvertently pressure them to perform exceptionally well at all times,” and they may start avoiding more challenging tasks in order to preserve their sense of self.

“You really gave it your all!”

“You really gave it your all!”
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However, the solution isn’t as simple as dropping the adjectives and adverbs. According to Dr Westers, person-oriented praise, i.e. “You’re so smart!” or “You’re the best!” addresses what kids with low self-esteem perceive as unchangeable traits, such as intelligence or athleticism. “As a result, they may come to believe, ‘If I can do it, I’m smart. Therefore, if I can’t do it, I’m not smart,’” he says. Process-oriented praise, (such as, “I can see how hard you’re trying”) on the other hand, “leads children to later seek challenging tasks because they believe they can meet these realistic expectations.”

“You won the championship! Only one out of 12 teams gets to say that!”

“You won the championship! Only one out of 12 teams gets to say that!”
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Regardless of their self-esteem, no child should be given more praise than is warranted. “Inflated praise is easily seen for what it is – an exaggeration. It can eventually make our kids either mistrust us or discount what we say as parents,” says Dr Erin Clabough, author of Second Nature: How Parents Can Use Neuroscience to Help Kids Develop Empathy, Creativity, and Self-Control. When a child with low self-esteem does something well, give accurate praise but give them a boost by commenting on how the external world might see it: “You won the soccer championship game! Only one team out of 12 gets to say that!”

“You took so many shots on goal!”

“You took so many shots on goal!”
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Even in the worst situations, something always goes well, says Dr Clabough. Rather than spending time on what went wrong, look for the positive and compliment your kid for what they did well. “Praise the elements of an action you want to see again whether it’s a win or a loss,” she says. The team might have lost the game, but it was great to watch him or her take a shot at goal four times.

Here are 26 old-time compliments we wish could come back.

“Great job studying and trying your best”

“Great job studying and trying your best”
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“It’s great that your grade went up to a B, but I know that you can earn an A if you work harder next time.” Sound familiar? “Praise losses effectiveness when it is coupled with comments that negate the message,” says Dr Mayra Mendez. “Following praise with added comments such as ‘…better than you did before,’ ‘…next time you will do even better,’ or ‘…try to be #1 and win next time’ undermines the praise comment and compromises the child’s ability to positively process and integrate feeling good about themselves,” she explains. Instead, try, “Great job studying and trying your best to learn the material.”

Watch out for these compliments that are actually insults.

“You should feel proud of yourself”

“You should feel proud of yourself”
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“There’s a difference between telling someone they did a good job and telling someone that they’re a genius,” says Saba Harouni Lurie, a marriage and family therapist. Rather than complimenting a child on her brilliance because she got a good grade on a science project, Lurie suggests keeping your compliment grounded in reality: “You did a good job! You worked really hard on this project, and I hope you feel proud of what you have accomplished.” According to Lurie, “Non-inflated praise gives the child the opportunity to feel proud of themselves without feeling pressured to perform at impossibly high standards in the future.”

“You’re helping our home run smoothly”

“You’re helping our home run smoothly”
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It may be awesome that your daughter is old enough to empty the dishwasher as part of her daily chores, but you don’t need to be effusive with your compliments. Instead, Dr Wendela Whitcomb Marsh, author of The ABCs of Autism in the Classroom: Setting the Stage for Success, suggests acknowledging that she did what she was supposed to do without making a big deal out of it. “Lavishing high praise on everyday tasks may seem patronising,” explains Dr Marsh. Instead, emphasise the natural consequence of the chore by saying, “I see you emptied the dishwasher, thank you. Now I can put the dirty dishes in so they don’t pile.”

“I can tell you worked hard on this”

“I can tell you worked hard on this”
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It may be easy to exclaim “It’s perfect!” every time your child draws a picture but it’s not in their best interest. “If they believe that everything they do is perfect, even when they don’t try very hard, they may just coast through life expecting to be appreciated for even the feeblest effort,” says Dr Marsh. An equally easy fix is to make an observation: “I can see that you took your time instead of rushing,” or “I see you put a lot of thought and feeling into your picture.”

“Jack had a great game, and we are so proud of him”

“Jack had a great game, and we are so proud of him”
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If you’re proud of your child, let other people know – especially when they’re nearby. “An excellent way to build self-esteem in children is to make sure they hear you speaking positively about them,” says Stephanie Leclair, a curriculum expert. A family Facetime call with grandma and grandpa is an excellent opportunity to boast that your son has been practising his ball skills every day after school and, as a result, scored a basket at his last game.

“I love you no matter what”

“I love you no matter what”
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In addition to giving thoughtful praise, parents should conscientiously tell their children “I love you” on a regular basis. But parents should be mindful to express their love “in a way that communicates their love is unconditional and not attached to anything they do or do not do,” says Dr Westers. Children should know that they are loved and be treated with kindness regardless of their looks, behaviours, or achievements.

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Source: RD.com

11 ways the most productive people handle their emails

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By Marissa Laliberte

Even though it’s meant as a tool for productivity, emails often end up as nothing more than a distraction. Productivity expert Jocelyn K. Glei explains how to use email more effectively in her book Unsubscribe: How to Kill Email Anxiety, Avoid Distractions, and Get Real Work Done.

An empty inbox is never their goal

Email is a crucial factor in accomplishing your goals, but in and of itself, it isn’t meaningful. Sure, having zero unread messages gives you short-term satisfaction, but an empty inbox says nothing about your productivity. In fact, you’ll end up fighting a losing battle as it starts to refill immediately. Keep your focus on your important messages, and don’t stress if you don’t get to read every single email that comes your way. “If you can accept that it’s just not going to happen, you’ve taken the first step towards removing yourself from the productivity rat race,” writes Glei. “In the grand scheme of things, email is just one small part of doing great work.”

They start their day with more meaningful work

They start their day with more meaningful work
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Checking your email first thing in the morning immediately frames your day around other people’s demands. Rather than heading straight for your unread messages, take advantage of the peak energy you have when you first get to the office by first working on your most meaningful tasks for at least an hour. Then, when you finally do open your inbox, you’ll already be well into a productive day.

They cut down on the back-and-forth

They cut down on the back-and-forth
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Streamline your emails by answering each message as fully as you can, so the receiver has less need to send follow-up questions. For instance, if a co-worker asks you to lunch, instead of reacting with a simple “Sure!” specify a date, time and location that work for you. Your colleague can give a simple yes or no, rather than stretching the conversation out for several more messages.

Email isn’t their only way to communicate

Email isn’t their only way to communicate
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Because you can’t read tone or body language in a written message, email can lead to misinterpretations and frustration. When you’re having a delicate conversation, brainstorming, or making complex decisions, skip the email chain and pick up the phone or drop into your co-worker’s office. “You’ll be rescuing yourself, and everyone else, from those annoying email threads that drag on for 15-20 messages and constantly interrupt you throughout the day,” writes Glei.

They use the two-minute rule

They use the two-minute rule
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Follow this rule of thumb from productivity expert David Allen: If you can finish your response in two minutes, send it right away. If you procrastinate, you’ll end up using more effort to find it and reprocess it later. “This does not mean you should respond to all emails that take less than two minutes,” writes Glei, “rather, it means that you should respond to all emails that you can process quickly and that relate to ‘people who matter’ or your meaningful work goals.” Anything that isn’t a priority can wait until later – if you happen to have time.

Now memorise these 10 attributes of wildly successful people.

Folders are their friends

Folders are their friends
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With just one inbox folder, your messages will be jumbled into one chaotic void. Organise your emails into folders that will keep you on track. One easy setup: ‘reply’ for ones you need to respond to, ‘waiting’ for those that you need to hear back from, and ‘archive’ for messages you might reference later. Consider putting your spam emails into a specific folder.

Enjoy what you do? Check out jobs that might die out in the next 25 years.

They turn off notifications

They turn off notifications
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“There are two types of emailers: ‘reactors’ who rely on notifications and near-constant monitoring of their inboxes to nibble away at their emails throughout the day, and ‘batchers’, who set aside specific chunks of time to power through their emails so they can ignore it the rest of the day,” writes Glei. As soon as a new email pops on reactors’ screens, their focus is gone, so turn off your own notifications to cut down on distractions. Instead, make yourself a batcher by setting aside two or three 30 to 60-minute chunks every day to check and reply to emails.

They use a different calendar

They use a different calendar
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If your calendar is linked to your email, you might be hesitant in turning off all notifications. Create a loophole by syncing your email calendar with a separate calendar app. Turn notifications on for the app only – you’ll get all the event alerts you need, without the distracting email pop-ups.

Want to sound smarter? Here are 11 phrases that will make you more successful at work.

They only get notifications from certain people

They only get notifications from certain people
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While it’s easy enough to hold off on a response to a client for a few hours, your boss might need a faster reply. Gmail and iPhone apps allow you to select priority senders, setting off notifications for only those people. Set up your own to keep you focused without stressing that you could be missing an urgent message.

They don’t let others’ stress get to them

They don’t let others’ stress get to them
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Other people have different schedules and priorities to you, so if you receive an urgent-sounding email when you’re pressed for time, you have two choices: sacrifice your own productivity to switch tasks, or keep working with the nagging feeling that the sender is getting impatient. To satisfy the sender, rattle off a quick reply acknowledging his or her concerns, and give an estimate of when you’ll be able to address it fully. “People crave context. If you merely help them understand where their email sits within your workload, they can be surprisingly understanding,” writes Glei. “What’s more, expectation-setting emails can help you relax by allowing you to reassert control over your schedule and release any feeling of obligation about meeting someone else’s timetable.”

They prioritise their replies

They prioritise their replies
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Consider your relationship to the sender when you’re going through your messages. Answer an email to your boss quickly and thoughtfully, but don’t kill yourself over your wording to someone you’ve never met – in fact, you shouldn’t feel obligated to reply to everyone in the first place. “Your working life and your credibility are built on relationships, be mindful of them,” writes Glei.

They don’t let emails keep them from real work

They don’t let emails keep them from real work
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“If you got 200+ letters a day, you would never think it was realistic to respond to all of them. Why should emails be any different?” writes Glei. “Politely responding to every single email you receive is all well and good, but not if it makes you a stranger to your own goals.”

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Source: RD.com

5 Real-Life News Stories I Covered that Inspired My Mystery Fiction

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R. G. Belsky

I’ve spent most of my life covering the news as a journalist. I worked at the New York PostNew York Daily NewsStar magazine and NBC News. I was there for all of the big crime stories over the past several decades: Son of Sam, O. J. Simpson, John Lennon, Jon Benet, and so many others.

Now, I make my living writing mystery fiction.

My newest suspense thriller, Yesterday’s News, is about a TV journalist obsessed with finding out the answers to a legendary missing child cold case. Before that, I wrote a series about a New York City newspaper reporter who breaks Page 1 crime stories. I like to write about what I know.

So whenever people have asked me where I got the ideas for my mystery novels, I always give them the same answer: “Hey, I just went to work in the newsroom every day!”

Son of Sam

The most sensational serial killer case ever. Loner postal employee holds a city in terror for a year, randomly shoots women and young couples on the streets of New York, talks to a dog, writes taunting letters to the media, and is eventually caught because of a simple parking ticket. What mystery writer could make up a story like that? Well, I tried. My suspense thriller Blonde Ice (2016) is about a blonde woman serial killer who targets men for death the same way Son of Sam used to do with women. One reason I did this is that there have been very few women serial killers who murder just for the thrill of it—either in real life or fiction—so I created one based on some of my memories from covering the Son of Sam murder spree.

The Disappearance of Etan Patz

Etan’s parents, Stanley and Julie Patz, in 1980. Photo Credit: John Sotomayor / The New York Times

My latest mystery, Yesterday’s News, is about the disappearance of an 11-year-old girl named Lucy Devlin off the streets of New York City. As a young journalist, I covered the legendary case of Etan Patz, a 6-year-old boy who vanished on his way to school. For years afterward, there were false leads and false hopes that he might somehow still be alive. But finally, a man was convicted for the murder of Etan Patz, which at least gave his grieving family some kind of closure. My book is about a different kind of missing child case in which there is no closure for anyone involved—including my reporter covering the story, Clare Carlson—and about how, when that happens, it can be a tragedy even worse than murder.

John Lennon’s Murder

The shooting of John Lennon outside his New York apartment was a horrifying event, but there was no real mystery about it. The killer, Mark David Chapman, was a deluded stalker who killed the former Beatle for no apparent reason. But when I wrote my own celebrity murder mystery—about a Hollywood actress murdered on the street, similar to the way Lennon died—I decided to do a “what if?” What if the stalker didn’t really do it? What if there was another reason why it happened? What if there were other celebrity victims killed for the same reason? The result was my mystery novel Shooting for the Stars.

The Central Park Jogger

The new book I’m working on now, The Perfect Victim, is about a high-profile woman crime victim who wants to find out what actually happened to her. Probably the most famous real-life New York City crime victim was the Central Park Jogger—a story I covered back in the late ‘80s. She was a young woman brutally attacked and left for dead while jogging in Central Park. Five men went to jail for the crime but were later exonerated, and another man was eventually convicted. I decided to write a fiction story about a woman victim like that who is determined to find out the truth about her case.

Headless Body in Topless Bar

The headline “Headless Body in Topless Bar” ran on the New York Post’s front page on April 15, 1983.

This is the most famous—or infamous—tabloid headline ever, and I was part of the New York Post newsroom that produced the story. It was about a man who held up a topless bar, shot the owner to death, and then cut off the victim’s head and took it with him for some inexplicable reason. Yep, you heard that all right. So how is this an inspiration for my mystery novels? It shows that any fictional scenario I write—no matter how far-fetched and implausible it might seem—is possible. I mean if “Headless Body in Topless Bar” really happened, then I can make up anything on the pages of my novels!

Read an excerpt from Yesterday’s News!

Criminal element

Prince Harry: Social media is dividing us. Together, we can redesign it

By Prince Harry The Duke Of Sussex

Amid a crisis of health, hate, and truth online, companies need to take a stand for a more compassionate digital world, writes Prince Harry, the Duke of Sussex.

A little over four weeks ago, my wife and I started calling business leaders, heads of major corporations, and chief marketing officers at brands and organisations we all use in our daily lives.

Our message was clear: The digital landscape is unwell and companies like yours have the chance to reconsider your role in funding and supporting online platforms that have contributed to, stoked, and created the conditions for a crisis of hate, a crisis of health, and a crisis of truth.

We did this at the same time as the launch of a civil rights and racial justice campaign called Stop Hate For Profit, which sought to change online policies around hate speech—in this case, policies at Facebook—by urging companies that regularly purchase digital ads on the platform to withhold their advertising spending for the month of July. As of the end of last month, the campaign (led by respected organisations such as the Anti-Defamation League, Color of Change, and the NAACP) sent a $7 billion message through withheld ad dollars.

Some may ask why a change campaign would take aim at online advertising. Well, many of us love and enjoy social media. It’s a seemingly free resource for connecting, sharing, and organising. But it’s not actually free; the cost is high. Every time you click, they learn more about you. Our information, private data, and unknown habits are traded on for advertising space and dollars. The price we’re all paying is much higher than it appears. Whereas normally we’re the consumer buying a product, in this ever-changing digital world, we are the product.

While companies made their own decisions about what to do in July, we felt it necessary to say our part about the rise of an unchecked and divisive attention economy. We’ve always believed that individuals and communities thrive when the frameworks around them are built from compassion, trust, and well-being. Sadly, this belief is at odds with much of what is being experienced by people on social media.

From conversations with experts in this space, we believe we have to remodel the architecture of our online community in a way defined more by compassion than hate; by truth instead of misinformation; by equity and inclusiveness instead of injustice and fearmongering; by free, rather than weaponised, speech. This remodeling must include industry leaders from all areas drawing a line in the sand against unacceptable online practices as well as being active participants in the process of establishing new standards for our online world. Companies that purchase online ads must also recognise that our digital world has an impact on the physical world—on our collective health, on our democracies, on the ways we think and interact with each other, on how we process and trust information. Because, if we are susceptible to the coercive forces in digital spaces, then we have to ask ourselves—what does this mean for our children? As a father, this is especially concerning to me.

In the 1970s, there was a groundbreaking study on the societal effects of lead exposure and kids. The research found a clear connection between lead accumulation in children and their mental development. There’s no debate over the dangers of lead today, but at the time, the development was met with strong resistance from industry leaders (lead was used widespread in products such as gas, house paint, and water pipes). Eventually, sweeping health and environmental reforms were put in place to change this. We knew something was harmful to the health of our children, so we made the necessary changes to keep them safe, healthy, and well.

Researchers I’ve spoken with are studying how social media affects people—particularly young people—and I believe the book of data that we will look back on one day will be incredibly troubling.

WHEN WE DO THE RIGHT THING, WHEN WE CREATE SAFE SPACES BOTH ONLINE AND OFF—EVERYONE WINS.

Around the world, for many reasons, we are at turning point—one that has the potential to be transformative. In all areas of life, a rebuilding of compassionate, trustworthy communities needs to be at the heart of where we go. And this approach must extend to the digital community, which billions of us participate in every day. But it shouldn’t be punitive. When we do the right thing, when we create safe spaces both online and off—everyone wins. Even the platforms themselves.

Meghan and I heard similar arguments made by humane tech leaders with whom we convened at Stanford University earlier this year, by internet law experts, by neuroscientists, and most importantly by young people who have grown up in a fully connected world.

We have an opportunity to do better and remake the digital world, to look at the past and use it to inform the future. We must take a critical eye to the last two decades, where advancements in technology and media have outgrown many of the antiquated guardrails that once ensured they were being designed and used appropriately. It shouldn’t be seen as a coincidence that the rise of social media has been matched by a rise in division amongst us globally. Social media’s own algorithms and recommendation tools can drive people down paths toward radicalism and extremism that they might not have taken otherwise.

There are billions of people right now—in the midst of a global pandemic that has taken hundreds of thousands of lives—who rely on algorithmically driven information feeds to make judgments about fact vs. fiction, about truth vs. lies. One could argue that access to accurate information is more important now than any other time in modern history. And yet, the very places that allow disinformation to spread seem to throw their arms up when asked to take responsibility and find solutions.

We all need a better online experience. We’ve spoken with leaders across the racial justice movement, experts in humane tech, and advocates of mental health. And the collective opinion is abundantly clear: We do not have the luxury of time.

We need meaningful digital reform, and while the role of policymakers and regulators is important, we can’t just wait for them to take the next steps. This is a moment for companies around the world—companies with business and advertising models directly tied to digital platforms—to consider how they can bring about reform to ensure the betterment of all.

WE HAVE AN OPPORTUNITY TO DO BETTER AND REMAKE THE DIGITAL WORLD, TO LOOK AT THE PAST AND USE IT TO INFORM THE FUTURE.

It was reported recently that, for the first time, spending on digital advertising is set to eclipse ad spending in traditional media. Think about what this means. The standards and practices advertisers rely upon when placing their commercials on television, for example, do not apply when it comes to the online space—arguably, the largest broadcaster in the world. And for the first time in history, the ad spend in this relatively lawless space is beginning to overshadow the more traditional spaces. No manufacturer is likely placing their television soap ad next to this type of toxicity, yet due to the nature of the digital world, that advertisement could be sandwiched between inciting propaganda.

So there is huge value in advertisers sitting at the table with advocacy leaders, with policy leaders, with civil society leaders, in search of solutions that strengthen the digital community while protecting its free and open nature.

For companies that purchase online ads, it is one thing to unequivocally disavow hate and racism, white nationalism and anti-Semitism, dangerous misinformation, and a well-established online culture that promotes violence and bigotry. It is another thing for them to use their leverage, including through their advertising dollars, to demand change from the very places that give a safe haven and vehicle of propagation to hate and division. We’re hopeful to see this approach amongst industry leaders become reality. For one, the industry group GARM—the Global Alliance for Responsible Media—has committed to evaluating standards and definitions around online hate speech.

But this is just the beginning. And our hope is that it’s the beginning of a movement where we, as people, place community and connection, tolerance and empathy, and joy and kindness above all. The internet has enabled us to be joined together. We are now plugged into a vast nervous system that, yes, reflects our good, but too often also magnifies and fuels our bad. We can—and must—encourage these platforms to redesign themselves in a more responsible and compassionate way. The world will feel it, and we will all benefit from it.

Prince Harry is the Duke of Sussex.

FastCompany

7 Signs You May Have Had COVID-19 Without Realizing It, According to Doctors

Pay attention to any lingering symptoms from that “bad cold.”

By Korin Miller

Whether you had a “bad cold” this winter or recently endured a cough that would not quit, it’s only natural to wonder if you might have had COVID-19 without realizing it. That’s especially true now that infectious disease experts say the virus was likely already spreading before cities started to lock down and put social distancing orders in place.

“As the weeks progress, it’s become evident that this is a virus that was widespread throughout our country, particularly in more populated areas, sooner than we thought,” says William Schaffner, M.D., an infectious disease specialist and professor at the Vanderbilt University School of Medicine.

So, could you have had COVID-19 without realizing it? It’s possible. “Most people who have coronavirus have an uncomplicated case of infection, and it could be indistinguishable from the cold or influenza,” explains infectious disease expert Amesh A. Adalja, M.D., senior scholar at the Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security. Plus, some people have no symptoms at all—up to 40% of infections, according to estimates from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

Unfortunately, there’s no way to know with 100% certainty if that illness you dealt with last winter was COVID-19 or if you happened to pick up an asymptomatic case at some time. But experts say some signs can be tip-offs that you might have had COVID-19 already. Here are the top ones to know, plus what it means for immunity.

1. You had a “bad cold.”

Early in the pandemic, people believed that COVID-19 didn’t start circulating in the U.S. until late February and March. New research from the University of Texas suggests otherwise. For the study, scientists analyzed throat swabs taken last winter in people who had suspected flu cases. These swabs were done in Wuhan, China (where the novel coronavirus originated) and Seattle, Washington (where the first case of COVID-19 was confirmed in the U.S.).

The researchers discovered that for every two cases of the flu, there was one case of COVID-19. As a result, they believe COVID-19 likely arrived in the U.S. sometime around Christmas.

“It took longer to get out to rural areas so, if you were on a farm this winter and you had the sniffles, you probably just had a cold. If you were in New York City or another major city, you might have had a COVID infection and never knew it,” Dr. Schaffner says.

It can be tough to distinguish a cold from a mild form of COVID-19 without a test, depending on which symptoms you experience, he says, but colds don’t typically cause shortness of breath, severe headaches, or gastrointestinal symptoms like COVID-19 can. Here’s the full list of the CDC’s official symptoms:

  • Fever or chills
  • Cough
  • Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing
  • Fatigue
  • Muscle or body aches
  • Headache
  • New loss of taste or smell
  • Sore throat
  • Congestion or runny nose
  • Nausea or vomiting
  • Diarrhea

2. You lost your sense of smell or taste at one point.

Loss of smell and taste has been a big hallmark of COVID-19. While this symptom doesn’t occur for everyone, Dr. Adalja points out that it’s now strongly linked with the novel coronavirus.

Preliminary data from the American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (AAO-HNS) found that, in COVID-19 patients who lost their sense of smell, 27% had “some improvement” within about seven days, while most were better within 10 days.

Worth noting: It’s also possible to temporarily lose these senses with other respiratory conditions, like a cold, the flu, a sinus infection, or even with seasonal allergies. But experts say that the symptom can linger in some people and last for months after recovering from COVID-19.

3. You’ve been dealing with unexplained hair loss.

This hasn’t been widely studied in the context of COVID-19, but many people who have recovered from the virus are reporting issues with hair loss. Actress Alyssa Milano, who has been suffering from COVID-19 symptoms for months, shared a video of herself on Instagram in early August repeatedly brushing out large clumps of hair after she showered.

“There are definitely people who got infected and didn’t notice.”

Members of Survivor Corps, the Facebook support group for people who have had COVID-19, have also talked about experiencing hair loss months after recovering from the virus. It’s due to a condition known as telogen effluvium, and it can be caused by a slew of factors, including pregnancy, extreme stress, weight loss, and illnesses other than COVID-19, Dr. Adalja says.

It’s unlikely that you would just lose more hair than usual without having other COVID-19 symptoms, like a cough or fever, Dr. Adalja says. It’s also important to note that hair loss can happen from stress in general, he says—and there’s been a lot of stress due to the pandemic. If you’re experiencing hair loss, it’s possible it’s due to an unknown COVID infection, a build-up of stress during uncertain times, or another underlying issue.

4. You feel breathless sometimes.

Research published in the journal JAMA has found that people with COVID-19 can have after-effects of the virus, including shortness of breath. It’s not entirely clear why at this point or how long this can last, but it’s likely due to lasting inflammation in the lungs.

“This is one of the well-known lingering effects in people who were diagnosed with COVID-19,” Dr. Schaffner says. “If you have this, well, perhaps that illness you experienced before was actually COVID.” If you’re experiencing shortness of breath, call your primary care physician for guidance or ask for a referral to a pulmonologist. They can often prescribe medications and treatments, like an inhaler, that can help, Dr. Schaffner says.

5. You have a cough that will not go away.

A lingering cough is another symptom that people who participated in the JAMA study reported. The cough is often dry, meaning that nothing comes up, like like phlegm or mucus, Dr. Adalja says. This is fairly common: Data from the CDC found that 43% of people who had COVID-19 still had a cough 14 to 21 days after getting a positive test for the virus.

6. You’re really, really tired.

This is one of the biggest lingering effects after a person has COVID-19, according to the JAMA study. That study found that 53% of patients said they were struggling with fatigue around 60 days after they first showed signs of the virus.

“We’re seeing some people who had mild illness who have fatigue for some period of time,” Dr. Adalja says. But, he says, it’s not entirely clear right now why this happens. It could be the way a person’s immune system reacts to the virus, or it could simply be the way the virus works in the body.

Keep in mind that fatigue is a really common issue and can be a sign of many different health issues (including, of course, not getting enough sleep). Like hair loss, people who experience fatigue due to COVID-19 would have also had other symptoms of the virus in the past, Dr. Adalja says.

7. You have unusual symptoms that seem to be lasting forever.

Experts stress that COVID-19 is still a new virus, so doctors and scientists are learning more about it all the time. Research on lasting effects of the virus is ongoing, and it’s difficult for doctors to say at this time that having certain symptoms could mean you had a COVID-19 infection, while others don’t, Dr. Adalja says.

It’s worth mentioning that some people have experienced heart issues after contracting the virus. One small study of 100 people who recovered from COVID-19 that was published in JAMA Cardiology did MRIs on former patients and found that 78% had some kind of abnormal heart finding, independent of any pre-existing conditions. This also didn’t seem to be linked to severity of illness, the researchers found. That could show up in a lot of different ways, including random heart palpitations, Dr. Schaffner says, but it could also be unnoticeable.

Of course, there are plenty of other complications that experts may not even know about yet. If you’ve been feeling off and your symptoms are persistent, Dr. Schaffner says it’s a good idea to get checked out by your doctor, whether you think it’s related to COVID-19 or not.

What about an antibody test?

While an antibody test may tell you if you have had COVID-19, they’re not exactly known for their accuracy. “Antibody tests are getting better, but there are a lot of antibody tests out there that are still unreliable,” Dr. Schaffner says. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued an emergency use authorization for these tests in the spring, but later removed certain tests due to “significant clinical performance problems.”

The CDC also stresses that antibody tests “are not 100% accurate and some false positive results or false negative results may occur.” So it’s possible to test positive for COVID-19 antibodies, but not actuallyhave them.

This comes down to various factors. First, there are other coronaviruses known to cause the common cold, and those can get picked up by your antibody test, skewing the results. What’s more, if you’re only in the first days of the infection, antibodies may not be detected at all because your immune system has not built up a response yet. (Learn more about COVID-19 antibodies here.)

Does possibly having COVID-19 in the past mean you won’t get infected again?

While the above signs could be an indication that you had COVID-19, they can also be caused by other illnesses. “Certainly a lingering cough and fatigue are well known to be a consequence of influenza—just because you have those doesn’t mean you had COVID-19,” Dr. Schaffner says.

Ultimately, short of having a positive test for COVID-19 when you’re ill, it’s hard to know with total certainty if you’ve had the virus. Still, “there are definitely people who got infected and didn’t notice,” Dr. Adalja says.

With all that in mind, there is one important thing to remember: Even if you did have COVID-19 in the past, that doesn’t necessarily mean you won’t get infected again. The CDC specifically states that it’s unclear at this time if people can be re-infected with the virus—and the first case of reinfection was just confirmed in Hong Kong.

So, even if you suspect you contracted COVID-19 before the pandemic really hit, it’s important to continue practicing prevention methods like wearing a maskwashing your hands regularly, and practicing social distancing when you can, both to protect yourself and others.

Prevention US

6 Causes for Vaginal Bumps You Should Know About

By Alyssa Jung

Itchy, painful, or mysterious lumps deserve a trip to the doctor ASAP.

If you’ve ever morphed into a (panicked) Dr. Google, issues with your lady parts probably tops your list of whys. After all, odd smells, itchiness, or mysterious bumps can be anxiety-inducing reasons to schedule an emergency gyno appointment — but that’s exactly what you should do if you notice something unusual happening down there.

“First and foremost, don’t try to be your own doctor! Please seek care and have someone take a look; avoiding care because of embarrassment can lead to worsening symptoms and more extensive treatment,” says Beri Ridgeway, chair of Obstetrics/Gynecology & Women’s Health Institute at Cleveland Clinic. “Trust me — we’ve seen it all — you can’t surprise us, and this is why we’re here.”

Still, we know you might still be tempted to do a little digging (while you wait for your appointment to arrive, of course), so here are some common reasons you may have a lump or bump on your vagina.

It’s an ingrown hair

This is one of the most common causes for bumps on the genital region. When a pubic hair grows back into the skin instead of popping up out of the surface, it can form a small bump that may look red, says Dr. Ridgeway. Though innocent enough, hair bumps can be itchy, tender when swollen, and even filled with pus. Resist the urge to go from Dr. Google to Dr. Pimple Popper — it’ll eventually heal on its own, and popping it or playing with it can make it stick around even longer. Ingrown hairs are often caused by shaving or other hair removal methods, and are more common in women with curly or kinky hair, so if you notice them happening frequently, consider going au naturale for a bit.

You have a cyst

“A cyst can present in many different ways; they appear white in color or clear, they can be tiny or quite large, and they can be located in all areas of the vulva,” says Dr. Ridgeway. A cyst is a pocket of tissue that can be filled with fluid, air, or other material, and often form when a gland or duct becomes clogged — Bartholin cysts in particular form when glands on each side of the vaginal opening become obstructed, forming a fluid-filled lump that can be painful or grow large if it becomes infected. Some women develop cysts after trauma to the vaginal walls (like childbirth or surgery). If a cyst doesn’t go away on its own, your doctor can drain or remove it.

It could be HPV

Certain strains of human papilloma virus (HPV) cause genital warts, which are typically flesh colored and raised and often aren’t accompanied by any other symptoms, says Dr. Ridgeway. These warts can grow anywhere on, in, or around the female genitalia, including the cervix. They may grow clustered together to form a cauliflower-like shape, and can itch.

You might have herpes

Genital herpes is an extremely common sexually transmitted infection — one in six Americans have it. But unless you’re having a full blown outbreak with sores or blisters (which is what you probably think of when you hear “herpes”), it can present with few symptoms other than a small bump you may mistake for a pimple or ingrown hair.

It may be a symptom of cancer

Before you panic, know that your bump is much more likely to be caused by something much less scary, but a bump can be a sign of some types of cancers. Vulvar cancer can produce lumps that are red, pink, or white, and may feel rough or thick to the touch, as a symptom, and vaginal cancer, while rare, can also cause a lump. “It can be scary, but even cancer is curable when diagnosed early,” says Dr. Ridgeway.

It’s possible it’s syphilis

Though not the most common type of sexually transmitted infection, people still get syphilis, and small bumps called gummas can develop as a complication of the disease. Earlier symptoms include a small painless sore and a body-wide rash.

Bottom line: Put your mind at ease ASAP when you notice a bump by paying your doctor a visit. He or she will know the best way to proceed for any of these (or other) diagnoses.

Goodhousekeeping

The Best Essential Oils to Add to Your Bath Routine (and How to Do It Safely)

By Allison Young

Pick the wrong bottle and you could end up irritating your skin.

You run a bath, add a few drops of essential oils, then get in, right? Wrong. Yes, essential oils can dial up your bath, adding stress-relieving, mind-soothing, muscle-relaxing power, but chances are you’ve been doing it all wrong.

Those potent vials are powerful stuff, and using the wrong ones in the wrong way can turn your tranquil tub time into a torture session (if you’ve ever peppered your bath with peppermint, you know exactly what we’re talking about).

So, we’re here to tell you how to do it right — Suzanne Teachey, herbalist and owner of Nectar Apothecary in Prescott, Arizona, offers a few simple tricks to transform your soak, plus three essential oil combos to target all your tub-time goals. Not only will you get the most out of your essential oils, your bath time will go from good to GLOR-I-OUS.

Never add essential oils directly into your bath water.

Bathtub faucet

EASYBUY4UGETTY IMAGES

“When it comes to putting essential oils in the bath, remember — oil and water don’t mix, which is to say the essential oils are not water soluble,” warns Teachey. Translation: When you climb into the tub, the small drops of oil can adhere to your skin (and tender nether regions!) just as if you’d applied the undiluted oil directly your skin, which can irritate and burn. Ouch!

Always combine essential oils with a carrier oil first.

You don’t want essential oils just to sit on top of the water; you want them dispersed throughout. The best way to do that is combine essential oils in a carrier oil first, like coconut, olive, sunflower, or jojoba. “For a single bath, three to 12 drops of essential oil in a tablespoon (15 ml) of carrier oil is sufficient to create a very aromatic, therapeutic bath,” says Teachey, who suggests stirring the bath before climbing in to help circulate oils.

Don’t use just any essential oils.

essential oils and medical flowers herbs

OLGAMILTSOVAGETTY IMAGES

Just because you love a particular scent doesn’t mean you should dump it into your bath. “Even if you use a carrier oil, be extra cautious with oils known to irritate the skin and mucous-membranes,” warns Teachey, who says to avoid cinnamon, clove, oregano, savory, spearmint, thyme (except linalool type), and wintergreen in the bath. Better skin-loving bets: Lavenderchamomile, and rose.

Add essential oils after running the water.

Dr. Bronner’s Pure Castile Liquid Soap

While it may be tempting to trickle essential oils into your tub when running your bath, wait. “The hot running water will cause the essential oils to escape the bath and scent the bathroom instead,” says Teachey. To get the most from your aromatherapy bath, fill the tub and turn off the water first before adding essential oils for full aromatic effect.

Watch out for a slippery tub.

Adding a carrier oil and essential oil blend to your bath can hydrate your skin (hot water can dry it out), but it can also turn your tub into a slip and slide. Be careful getting out and be sure to clean it afterwards to prevent future falls. Baking soda and castile soap are great de-greasers.

Pick essential oils to match your bath-time mood.

essential oils

OLGAORLY/GETTY

Now that you know the essential oil essentials, it’s time to take your bath to the next level. Here, Teachey shares her go-to combos to turn your tub into a truly transformative experience. For all of these recipes, combine the essential oils with 1 tablespoon (15 ml) of carrier oil before adding to bath.

Mood Boost Bath

Uplift and energize with this revitalizing combo that can also boost concentration and focus.

Muscle-Soothing Bath

Target tired, overworked muscles with this trio that may dial up circulation and dial down pain.

Relaxation Bath

This calming and relaxing combo can reduce stress and get you ready for bed.

Angela Bassett Remembers Chadwick Boseman: ‘A Beautiful Spirit’

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By Daniel Kreps

“This young man’s dedication was awe-inspiring, his smile contagious, his talent unreal,” actor’s Black Panther co-star says in tribute

Angela Bassett, who played the mother of Chadwick Boseman’s character T’Challa in the film Black Panther, remembered the late actor following his death at the age of 43.

“It was meant to be for Chadwick and me to be connected, for us to be family. But what many don’t know is our story began long before his historic turn as Black Panther,” Bassett said in a statement to Rolling Stone.

“During the premiere party for Black Panther, Chadwick reminded me of something. He whispered that when I received my honorary degree from Howard University, his alma mater, he was the student assigned to escort me that day. And here we were, years later as friends and colleagues, enjoying the most glorious night ever! We’d spent weeks prepping, working, sitting next to each other every morning in makeup chairs, preparing for the day together as mother and son. I am honored that we enjoyed that full circle experience.”

Boseman, who outside the Marvel Cinematic Universe starred in the films like Da 5 BloodsMarshall42 and Get On Up, died Friday following a four-year battle with colon cancer; many of Boseman’s recent roles were filmed while the actor discreetly underwent surgeries and chemotherapy. “A true fighter, Chadwick persevered through it all, and brought you many of the films you have come to love so much,” his family said in a statement. “It was the honor of his career to bring King T’Challa to life in Black Panther. He died in his home, with his wife and family by his side.”

Bassett added in her tribute to Boseman, “This young man’s dedication was awe-inspiring, his smile contagious, his talent unreal. So I pay tribute to a beautiful spirit, a consummate artist, a soulful brother…’thou aren’t not dead but flown afar…’ All you possessed, Chadwick, you freely gave. Rest now, sweet prince. #WakandaForever.”

Following news of Boseman’s death, many of the actor’s Marvel cast mates paid tribute, along with former vice president and Democratic presidential candidate Joe Biden and his running mate Kamala Harris; Boseman’s last tweet was in celebration of Harris’ selection as Biden’s vice president.

Harris tweeted Friday, “Heartbroken. My friend and fellow Bison Chadwick Boseman was brilliant, kind, learned, and humble. He left too early but his life made a difference. Sending my sincere condolences to his family.”

Marvel Studios president Kevin Feige said in a statement to Rolling Stone, “Chadwick’s passing is absolutely devastating. He was our T’Challa, our Black Panther, and our dear friend. Each time he stepped on set, he radiated charisma and joy, and each time he appeared on screen, he created something truly indelible. He embodied a lot of amazing people in his work, and nobody was better at bringing great men to life. He was as smart and kind and powerful and strong as any person he portrayed. Now he takes his place alongside them as an icon for the ages. The Marvel Studios family deeply mourns his loss, and we are grieving tonight with his family.”

RollingStone

The Minimum Financial Threshold For EFCC Cases.

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Daily Law Tips (Tip 644) by Onyekachi Umah, Esq., LL.M, ACIArb(UK)

What is the minimum amount of money (financial threshold) that must be involved in a financial crime, for the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) to get interested with investigation/prosecution? Rightly or wrongly, there is a believe out there, that Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) has a financial threshold for crimes it can investigate or will want to investigate. Ever wondered what a high profile case is and how that term penetrated Nigerian legal system? This work examines the financial threshold of the EFCC through legislative (doctrinal) and sociological (non-doctrinal) tools.

The EFCC is a federal government agency, created by law in June 2004 as the Financial Intelligence Unit in Nigeria, empowered to fight money laundering and to enforce all laws dealing with economic and financial crimes in Nigeria. The specific relevant functions of the EFCC, as stated by its establishing law, are;

1. “the investigation of ALL financial crimes including advance fee fraud, money laundering, counterfeiting, illegal charge transfers, futures market fraud, fraudulent encashment of negotiable instruments, computer credit card fraud and contract scam”;
2. “the co-ordination and enforcement of ALL economic and financial crimes laws and enforcement functions conferred on any other person or authority”; as well as
3. “the examination and investigation of ALL reported cases of economic and financial crimes with a view to identifying individuals, corporate bodies or groups involved”.

One common word in all the above three (3) functions of the EFCC, is “ALL”. In summary the EFCC has powers and the responsibility to enforce all laws relating to economic and financial crimes in Nigeria as well as to investigate ALL financial crimes on its own, even where there is no report/compliant/petition and also to powers to investigate ALL reported cases of economic and financial crimes. Special powers of the EFCC, is that it can on its own commence investigation on any person, group or corporate entity, especially “where the person’s lifestyle and extent of the properties are not justified by his source of income”.

All through the 47 sections of the federal law that establishes the EFCC, there is no threshold or financial limitation/cap on the economic and financial crimes that the EFCC can investigate and prosecute. Furthermore, by the words of the law, no threshold was intended or implied rather an unlimited powers is offered and rested on the EFCC over all the economic and financial crimes. Hence, the EFCC has statutory duty to investigate all economic and financial cases and where there is a probable case, the EFCC is to prosecute. This is the reason, the EFCC can be sued by a person, for the EFCC to be compelled by court to investigate a financial crime.

Unfortunately, in reality and operations, the EFCC cannot investigate all the petitions/complaints it receives in a day. Imagine this picture, Nigeria with a huge population (unofficially rated at over 200 million), with many politicians, scammers, companies and businesses as well as unregistered businesses and foreigners in Nigeria, only one federal agency is to combat economic and financial crimes. With low access to justice, part of the works of the EFCC will include to investigate and reject many civil disputes often disguised as crimes, maliciously or ignorantly by complainants and their lawyers.

Statutory powers and duties need resources; funds and capacity to come to life. Like we say in Nigeria, “good soup na money make am” (good results are products of good/hard work). Both the budget and operational/technical abilities of the EFCC are very poor even as they are expected to investigate hundreds of cases in a country without reliable database of ex-convicts, social security numbers and houses addresses of citizens.

Furthermore, the report of Umar, Samsudin and Mohamad, reveals that the EFCC is under performing due to “factors such as lack of commitment; inefficient judiciary; insufficient budgets; and incompetent personnel.” By the internal structure and leadership of the EFCC is not left out, with the report stating that, “there also exists insufficiency of personnel, professionalism and the dominance of police in the realm of the leadership of the EFCC”. With the recent 2020 reports and investigations of corruption in the leadership of the EFCC, one wonders what is left of the alleged insufficient budget and personnel incompetency of the commission.

High profile cases in Nigeria are cases with enormous attention, often caused by the status/network/networth of the parties involved (suspect, complainant, victim or government), the sum involved, frequency of crime, media focus or political gains. High profile cases are also good for the profile and the ego of leadership of any concerned law enforcement agency in Nigeria. Parties involved in high profile cases are popular, with easily traceable investments, addresses and reliable data; so they are easier jobs for law enforcement agencies, where there is political will and no corruption. Hence, it is not strange that the EFCC may invest its very limited resources in high profile cases. However, there are no little thieves and all financial crimes are crimes enough. There is no need for justice to sought based on the sum or party involved.

The effect of the present approach of the EFCC, includes; lack of trust by the public and the assumption that the EFCC is unserious, discriminatory, political and that there is a financial cap/limit for crimes to be handled by the EFCC. Many people believe that economic/financial crimes involving less than One Million Naira (N1,000,000.00) or without highly placed Complainants may not receive the attention of the EFCC. By the way, fraudsters are off radar once they diligently maintain their crimes below the perceived financial threshold of the EFCC.

To further maximise the low resources of the EFCC is Plea Barging, which is often employed in high profile cases and utilised enormously by politically exposed persons. According to Justice Dahiru Musdapher (former Chief Justice of Nigeria), “Plea Bargain” is designed “to provide [a] soft landing to high profile criminals who loot the treasury entrusted to them.” A report of high profile cases in 2007 to 2010 under the EFCC, according to The Stolen Asset Recovery Initiative (a partnership between the World Bank Group and the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)), shows 54 cases of politically exposed persons (mostly former governors, federal ministers, federal legislators and heads of big corporations) and the least sum therein was the case of 10 million Naira against Iyabo Obasanjo-Bello (then serving Senator).

The discoveries of Hassan Umar and Kasim Umar from field study conducted with questionnaires, to assess the “perception of Nigerians on the strength of the EFCC against its functional responsibilities to determine the adequacy and appropriateness of the powers”, are more shocking. According to Umar and Umar, relying on primary and secondary sources, their research revealed that “… EFCC lacks adequate prosecutorial powers; it also cannot effectively ensure and monitor compliance to the limit of foreign currency transfer ($10000) and the local cash transaction limit; the court system in Nigeria has also frustrated the efforts of the commission in addition to the unruly behavior of some senior legal counsels who often connive with some judges to subvert justice….”.

Furthermore, the Umar and Umar study revealed that “… the areas of crime covered by the EFCC as provided for by the law is much for the EFCC that some crimes like in the casino operations, drugs and narcotics, use of supernatural powers, etc. received less attention (3.67). EFCC should focus more on financial crimes, fraud and advance fee fraud only (4.03). The Nigerian court system has frustrated the efforts of the EFCC through delays and incessant injunctions ‭ ‬(4.01). The ‭ ‬senior legal ‭ ‬counsel usually ‭ ‬connive ‭ ‬with the ‭ ‬judges to ‭ ‬subvert/manipulate judgements in favour of their clients (3.75)…”.

In conclusion, statutorily there is no law or regulation that stops the EFCC from investigating and prosecuting any economic or financial crime cases. However, the EFCC has little resources to apply to the too many pending cases and new demands for investigation. Hence, the EFCC appears to be unserious and discriminatory in its investigation and prosecution, focusing on high profile cases involving huge sums and often politically exposed persons. Expectedly, this has created a safe heaven for some offenders in crimes involving low sums, poor complainants or persons that are not out politically/religiously/militarily/royally exposed or connected.

Above all, like Odi Nwankwo recommended, “… activities or programmes of the anti-corruption agencies in Nigeria such as the Economic and Financial Crime Commission (EFCC) … should be strengthened” and effectively checked. I add that the EFCC should respect rule of law, be independent of politicians, have higher budget and accountability process and it’s leadership should not be limited to police officers.

My authorities are:

1. Sections 1, 2, 6, 7, 46 and 47 of the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (Establishment) Act 2004. accessed 29 August 2020.
2. Umar, Samsudin and Mohamad, “Ascertaining the effectiveness of Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) in tackling corruptions in Nigeria” (2018) 25(7) Journal of Financial Crime. 1, 9. accessed 29 June 2020.
3. Hassan Umar and Kasim Umar, “The ‭ ‬Economic ‭ ‬and ‭ ‬Financial ‭ ‬Crimes ‭ ‬Commission ‭ ‬and Corruption ‭ ‬Management ‭ in‬ ‭ ‬Nigeria: ‭ ‬A ‭ ‬Perceptual Assessment of its Legal Framework” (2016)3(2) Asian Journal of Social Sciences and Management Studies. 140, 144 accessed 29 August 2020.
4. Odi Nwankwo, “Impact of Corruption on Economic Growth in Nigeria” (2014) 5(6) Mediterranean ‭Journal of Social Sciences. 41, 45 accessed 29 August 2020.‬
5. Hanibal Goitom, “Plea Bargining: Nigeria” (Library of Congress, 2019) accessed 29 August 2020, citing Ikechukwu Nnochiri, CJN Abolishes Plea Bargain, Vanguard (Nov. 16, 2011), https://perma.cc/C3TS-VMHV.
6. The Stolen Assets Recovery Initiative, “ECONOMIC&FINANCIAL CRIMES COMMISSION, EFCC ON-GOING HIGH PROFILE CASES – 2007- 2010” (SARI) accessed 29 August 2020.

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