By Ebun-Olu Adegboruwa, SAN
PREFACE
For over a decade now, statesmen, distinguished scholars, patriots and eminent legal practitioners have converged to brainstorm on key issues of national interest at the annual Pastor E.A. Adeboye Public Lecture, meant to drive positive policies for national growth and development. Permit me to share with you part of my text at the 2026 edition given the nature of the theme and the issues canvassed therein.
INTRODUCTION
It is axiomatic that the glory of young men is their strength. Indeed, youthfulness is usefulness. It is as true as sunrise that youths remain the backbone of nation-building. The youthful demography of any nation represents a deep well and repository of vital energy, fresh ideas, innovation, creative genius, and more. If properly inspired and engaged, the potential of the youth can be tapped for inestimable contribution to national growth and development in all areas of our national life. Without a shadow of doubt, Nigeria’s youth constitute the majority of the Nigerian population.
They are not merely “leaders of tomorrow”; they are drivers of today’s economy. National growth and development depend on intentional policies that empower, equip and engage this vast youthful population. When youth potential is matched with opportunity and good governance, Nigeria’s demographic structure can become its greatest engine of transformation.
THE YOUTH IN RELEVANCE
In drawing global relevance to this unique breed, God proclaims to the youth that “let no man despise thy youth; but be thou an example of the believers, in word, in conversation, in charity, in spirit, in faith, in purity.” Leaders and institutions across the globe have echoed this divine agenda to integrate the youth into global reckoning. In the words of Franklin D. Roosevelt, “we cannot always build the future for our youth, but we can build our youth for the future.” For Mahatma Gandhi, “if we are to reach real peace in this world … we shall have to begin with children.”
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The former Secretary-General of the United Nations, Kofi Annan, postulates that “you are never too young to lead, and never too old to learn”, while the Indian rights activist and Nobel Peace Prize Laureate, Kailash Satyarthi, states that the power of the youth is a “commonwealth for the entire world”, highlighting their impact, worldview, enthusiasm, and courage. Dr. Nelson Mandela had once opined that “… young people are the leaders of tomorrow”.
For him, ‘young people are capable, when aroused, of bringing down the towers of oppression and raising the banners of freedom.’ No phrase best highlights the relevance of the youth than the statement of the present Secretary-General of Community of Democracies, Thomas E. Garrett, on the occasion of the International Youths Day on August 12, 2025: “The youth wants to and should be involved, and the role of the governments is to provide them with adequate space and opportunities to advance their civic engagement and political participation at both local and national levels.” It is in recognition of this that today’s topic finds greater relevance as the celebrant and his visions are in tune with this global reckoning for the youth through several policy actions and programmes.
CONCEPTUAL CLARIFICATIONS
MEANING OF YOUTH:
In its basic ordinary meaning, ‘youth’ means “the period of your life when you are young, or the state of being young”. It could also denote young people, both male and female, considered as a group. It means the time of life when a person is young, especially the time before a child becomes an adult. What, however, poses a challenge is how to determine a generally accepted age bracket of the youth. In that regard, the term ‘youth’ is versatile and as such, is not easily amenable to a generally accepted definition, particularly regarding those who qualify as ‘youth’ or ‘young persons.’ Nevertheless, there exist certain qualities or attributes which generally define who falls into the category of ‘youth’. At this juncture, we shall consider some of the definitions of the term ‘youth’, especially with reference to age bracket, according to the following sources:
UNITED NATIONS
The United Nations – for statistical purposes – defines ‘youth’, as those persons between the ages of 15 and 24 years (UN Secretariat/UNESCO/ILO), without prejudice to other definitions by Member States. Moreover, several UN entities, instruments and regional organisations have somewhat different definitions of youth, which the United Nations secretariat recognizes. For instance, the UN Habitat (Youth Fund) defines youth age-group as 15 – 32; UNICEF/WHO/UNFPA defines Young People as those from 10 – 24 years of age and Youth as 15-24 years of age.
THE AFRICAN YOUTH CHARTER
The African Youth Charter (UN regional instrument) defines Youth as those between the ages of 15 to 35 years.
NIGERIAN LAWS:
THE CONSTITUTION, (CFRN), 1999
Although the term ‘youth’ is not expressly defined under the Nigerian Constitution, 1999 (as altered), it however establishes key age thresholds that affect young persons. Thus, such a person becomes a full legal adult with capacity to vote, contract, and enjoy civil rights and eligibility for public office: (House of Representatives/State Assembly – 25 years of age; Senate/Governorship/President: 35. For context, the CFRN, 1999, in its Section 29 (1) & (4) (a), sets the majority (full) age at 18 years and above in the following terms:
“29 (1) Any citizen of Nigeria of full age who wishes to renounce his Nigerian citizenship shall make a declaration in the prescribed manner for the renunciation.
(4) For the purposes of subsection (1) of this section-
(a) “full age” means the age of eighteen years and above.”
Under and by virtue of Section 77 (2) of the Constitution, as earlier indicated, 18 years is set as the age to be registered to vote.
“77 (2) Every citizen of Nigeria, who has attained the age of eighteen years, residing in Nigeria at the time of the registration of voters for purposes of election to a legislative house, shall be entitled to be registered as a voter for that election.”
YOUTH PARTICIPATION IN POLITICS
With respect to youth participation in politics, the enactment of the CFRN (Fourth Alteration, No. 7) Act, 2018 (a.k.a. Not Too Young to Run Act, 2018) as a constitutional reform intended to reduce the age of qualification for elective public offices, removes age-barriers that excluded young Nigerians from contesting elections, it promotes inclusive democracy and youth political participation has become a significant welcome watershed in respect of youth involvement in politics and governance.
THE CHILD RIGHTS ACT, 2003 (CRA)
The Child Rights Act defines a child as a person under 18 years of age, guaranteeing certain rights to health, education, and protection from abuse/marriage/labour (under 18) and also offering a child-friendly justice system. The legal implication of this definition is that a person who attains the age of 18 is deemed to have attained the age of legal majority and certainly exits the category of ‘child’ and qualifies as a youth. Furthermore, Section 21 of the CRA prohibits marriage for anyone under 18 years and the Marriage Act requires written parental consent for persons under the age of 21. The challenge with the CRA is that only 23 out of 36 States of the Federation have so far adopted it. Most Northern States have not.
LABOUR LAW
Under the Labour Law, a young person includes a person between the ages of 14 to 17 years (with limited employment), while a child is a person under 14 years, (generally prohibited from labour).
THE NATIONAL YOUTH POLICY AND YOUTH RELATIVISM
Perhaps, the most influential definition of the ‘youth’ in terms of age category is the one under Nigeria’s National Youth Policy of 2009 (NNYP). Adopting the definition under the African Youth Charter of 2006, the NNYP defines ‘youth’ as persons of age from 18 to 35 years.
However, some argue that youth is a matter of the heart and mind, such that even a chronologically older person – say someone above 40 years – may still identify as a youth. The reality, however, is that chronological juvenescence (i.e., the fact of being necessarily within a chronological young age bracket) is the common overarching denominator or element at the core of the meaning of youth, irrespective of the perspective of any society on the subject. Once a person has passed a particular age limit, he may clearly be said not to be a youth any more. Accordingly, the definition offered by the African Youth Charter and National Youth Policy (i.e. 15 to 35 years) shall be our functional/working definition of youth for the purpose of this discourse and we shall use the term ‘youth’ interchangeably or synonymously as the ideal “Young Population.”
NATIONAL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
National growth and development is a comprehensive, long-term process where a country improves its overall well-being, encompassing economic expansion, social progress, and better quality of life for all citizens, involving structural changes in industry, human capital, governance, and infrastructure. It goes beyond just economic growth (like GDP increase) to include factors like education, health, poverty reduction, technological advancement, and political stability, aiming for a more prosperous, equitable, and sustainable society. Thus, certain cardinal co-efficients and parameters by which national growth and development may be measured, exist. They include but are not limited to the following: economic growth, quality education, food security, social development, human capital, political and institutional strength, infrastructure, technological advancement, etc. While National Growth (or Economic Growth) forms part and parcel of development, focusing on quantitative increases in output; National Development is a broader concept, integrating growth and ensuring that resources are used to benefit society.
A practical example of this is the celebrant’s vision and impact of creating the Redemption Camp at his early age and ministry as a youth and transforming it into the present-day Redemption City in his later years, still as a “youth”, developing durable infrastructure such as stable electricity, water, security, agriculture and thus creating job opportunities through the presence of established institutions such as banks, schools, shopping centres, hospitals, hotels and recreation centres, restaurants, and professional departments (IT Units, Legal Department, Statistics, Urban and Regional Planning, Medical Department, Finance Department, Admin and Personnel, Human Resources, Hospitality, Sanitation, Security, Traffic Mayor, Team Nehemiah, etc, for career advancements for the young and the not too young persons. Constitutionally, the philosophical underpinning of Chapter II of the Nigerian Constitution on Fundamental Objectives and Directive Principles of State Policy is dominantly designed to enhance National Growth and Development at least in theory, a concept which the celebrant imbibed and developed through godly vision, human capital and purpose. If we sustain the campaign to make Chapter II of the Constitution justiciable, it will translate into massive development for our people.
The views expressed by contributors are strictly personal and not of Law & Society Magazine.
