I am greatly delighted and honored to be asked to present the keynote lecture on the occasion of the pre-investiture colloquium of the 33rd President of the Nigerian Society of Engineers (NSE). I am more delighted because the incoming president of, probably, the most reputable professional association in Nigeria, the NSE, is a personal friend, someone who as a senior engineer at the Nigerian Electricity Regulatory Commission (NERC) was exemplary in the kind of competence and character that should characterise the engineering professional and embody the regulatory craft. All of us who worked with Engr. Tasiu Wudil attest to his uncommon commitment to precision, clarity, and thoroughness. NERC achieved many of its mandates under my leadership largely because we had an Engr. Wudil who was painstaking and unrelenting in seeking solutions to problems. Once again, congratulations to Engr. Wudil for the honor to lead the NSE and congrats to the NSE for the good fortune of having an extremely competent and virtuous engineer at its helms at this critical stage of national development.
I deliberately chose the theme of professionalism in nation building as the focus of my lecture to underline the moral direction of nation building in the runup to and post 2023. In this lecture, I will relate professionalism to the engineering craft and use these metaphors to reflect on the crisis of nationhood and how we can find our ways out of what looks like an incubus. I will be reflective and discursive but as much as possible remain practical and pragmatic, especially in providing solutions or recommendations on the general approach in finding solutions to the crisis of nationhood and development in Nigeria. My main focus is how we can ‘engineer’ a better Nigeria.
What is Professionalism and How Does it Matter?
The modern age is an age of specialisation. This means we have many professions and professionals. Almost all aspects of human life are now professionalised. It is difficult to engage meaningfully in any activity today without running into one professional barrier or the others. These professional barriers are erected by custodians of the profession to control entry and practice in the sphere of activity. So, we are in the age of the profession. How do we define a profession and professionalism? Of course, we know the professions. Everyone knows that engineering is a profession; that lawyering is a profession; and the medical practice is a profession, to mention just the most notable. But what are the features of a profession to distinguish it from a non-profession?
The first thing to note is that professions are composed of professionals. Professionals are roughly defined as persons who have marketable skills which they trade, and which achieve some public ends. Professionals usually possess two critical virtues or qualities which stand them out: knowledge and expertise. When these professionals organise themselves into an association to promote the effective and profitable use of their knowledge and expertise, it becomes a profession. This is a market-place definition of professions. But scholars have tried to refine this definition. In that process, we have different perspectives on professions. We have the taxonomy approach, the functionalist and the neo-Weberian approach. Each approach focuses on one critical aspect of the professional life. Whereas the functionalists focus mostly on knowledge and expertise, the Neo-Weberians focus on power and control. The professions do not just exercise expertise and knowledge. They are also devices to promote dominant and particularistic socio-economic and political interests.
The Australian Council of Professions in 2013 defines a profession as “as a disciplined group of individuals who adhere to ethical standards and who hold themselves out as, and are accepted by the public, as possessing special knowledge and skills in a widely recognised body of learning derived from research and learning at a high level, and who are prepared to apply this knowledge and exercise these skills in the interest of others”. We will use this as our working definition. It provides all the elements of the profession: knowledge and expertise and application of knowledge for public good. Again, it is a ‘disciplined group’ that ‘holds itself out’ as special and ‘are accepted by the public as possessing special knowledge and skills’.
From this definition, there is an exclusivity about professions and professionals. First, members of a profession have a high-level knowledge that is derived from excessive training and research such that the public acknowledges them as special people. This acknowledgment takes the form of certification and licensing. This grants the professional an ‘excusive legal right’ to practise the profession. Again, they employ their expertise and knowledge in the service that is vital to society. Because members of professions are highly skilled, they have autonomy in exercising their skills. Ultimately, their practice is regulated so as to make them a ‘disciplined’ group.
The defining ethical marks of a profession are summed up as ‘professionalism’. The Australian Council of Professions goes further to state that “It is inherent in the definition of a profession that a code of ethics governs the activities of each profession. Such code requires behaviour and practice beyond the personal moral obligations of an individual. They define and demand high standards of behaviour in respect of the services provided to public and in dealing with professional colleagues. Often, these codes are enforced by the profession and accepted by the community”. This definition echoes Eliot Freidson in page 12 of his book, Professionalism, The Third Logic, that “Professionalism may be said to exist when an organised occupation gains the power to determine who is qualified to perform a defined set of tasks, to prevent all others from performing that work, and to control the criteria by which to evaluate performance”. This definition relates more to the regulatory function of professionalism. Professionalism is a functional device to define and control the practice of a body of knowledge.
But I am more interested in professionalism as virtues in the exercise of knowledge. Here, I go with George Beaton. In his views, “Professionalism is not only a skill set in a given occupation. It is an ineffable something that a person exudes in manners, dress, speech and standards of practice that is palpably powerful; standards like honesty, due diligence, perseverance, willingness to listen and learn, creative thinking within framework of training and other qualities most people would be hard put to describe but which they expect in the professionals with whom they engage. Another word for these standards is ‘virtues’ and the hard-to-describe something exuded is ‘trustworthiness’, the sum total of these virtues”.
This is a comprehensive anthology of professionalism as the software of the professions. We can state confidently that where a profession does not inculcate these virtues or impose and define professional excellence by these virtues, then the profession has lost or is about losing its profession-ness. It is no longer fit to be called a profession. It should be thrown away as a fakery.
The foremost expression of these virtues, this ineffable something that is called ‘trustworthiness’, is the duty of care. A professional owes to his or her clients and to the public who comes in contact with his or her work or services a duty to employ diligence to ensure that he or she does not do any harm in the pursuit of good. He or she guarantees to the client and the public that he or she has the requisite high skills to solve the problem and would employ all diligence and honesty to solve such problem or provide such relief. This translates to a duty of care and upmost good faith that is part of every profession’s code and a core ingredient in proving professional negligence.
The guarantee of competence and character implicit in the duty of care and arising from these virtues is so important that, at least in a formal sense, it constitutes the legal basis for decertifying and barring a person from practising a profession. Once these qualities are lacking in a professional, the person stands rejected by the profession and loses that acceptance by the public that he or she is a person of high expertise and character. This is the meaning of claiming professionalism. If a profession does not diligently police the practice of its members to guarantee that they exude such high competence, diligence and honesty comprised in the duty of care, it ceases to be a proper profession. Therefore, at the heart of professionalism is the unrelenting commitment to the honest and diligent application of knowledge and high expertise at the behest of clients and society.
It is reported that in the previous era, engineers who designed and constructed bridges were required to sleep under them for days to guarantee their solidity. If those bridges do not collapse after those many days, they are then commissioned, and the engineer is let off his responsibility to client and society. In this case, the engineer guaranteed his high competence with his blood. It is said that the engineer has ‘skin in the game’. The engineer has incentives to be diligence and honest in constructing the bridge knowing that he would be the first possible casualty of a sordid job.
Nassim Nicholas Taleb, the engineer turned futures trader and the Dean’s Professor in the Science of Uncertainties at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst, laments, in his book, Antifragility; How to Live in a World We Don’t Understand (Allen Lane 2012), that those who impact on society today do not have their skins in the game. As he sees it, one of the problems of modern life is that people suffer nothing for outsourcing harm to others, whether as advisors, designers, planners, or executors of projects that impact on the lives of those who depend on them. If we can ensure that people who offer advisories or manage projects have the same level of commitment as the engineers of old, we will be able to guarantee a safe and habitable environment. We will not have the level of environmental hazards and criminal chaos we see in unlivable cities across the world. This chaos is a result of a loss of professionalism.
What is the value of professionalism? How relevant is professionalism today? First, the virtues of professionalism: competence, due diligence, honesty, and trustworthiness are the enduring fabrics of a good society. Society will not function well if these values and virtues are absent. It might be true that professions are no more focused on promoting the economic and social wellbeing of their members, but the rise of professions has something to do with the promotion of a virtuous society. If it is true that the first professions were medicine, law and divinity, then it shows the religious or ethical roots of professions. Professions in early life appeared as guilds. In the Guilds, apprentices are exposed to the complexities of the crafts and furnished with the ethical orientation that goes with mastery and exercise of intellectual authority in society. Oftentimes, these Guilds look like cults because of the ritualistic structure of knowledge. Knowledge is a moral undertaking. It requires a high degree of moral probity to proclaim a master able to handle the complexities of a craft. We see this ritualistic and moralistic nature of competence today when universities declare that someone is found worthy in learning and character to be authorised to claim expertise in the branch of knowledge.
Professionalism is important because it creates the degree of social capital that a society requires to function at the level of specialisation and differentiation it has today. Many aspects of our lives have been taken off our hands and handed to different professions. We cannot prescribe some local treatment for a common ailment if we are not doctors or certified medical personnel without fear of prosecution? In many parts of the world, you need to be a certified cosmetologist to plain your neighbour’s hair. In such a world where our lives are literally ruled by uncountable professionals, the barest guarantee for mental and social stability is that the certificates that these professionals carry are worth what the professions attest them to be. These professionals must be persons of high expertise and good character. They must be persons whose commitment to diligence, competence and honesty in conduct is fully guaranteed.
The major political and social crises paralysing public governance across the world today relates to depletion or absence of social trust, which economic sociologists call ‘social capital’. Social trust enables cooperation and coordination and has been demonstrated to be a critical ingredient of sustained economic development. Societies lacking such social trust lack a critical element of sustainable development. Professionalism helps to institutionalise social trust that leads to economic development and social stability.
Professionalism and the Engineering Craft:
Famous British demographer, Allexander M. Carr-Saunders in his magisterial The Professions, argues that the original ‘learned’ professions were divinity, law and medicine, the ‘trinity’ of profession. He listed five original general professions to be divinity, education, law, medicine, and law enforcement. Because original knowledge was theology or divinity, we can argue that education was an offshoot of divinity. Law enforcement came out of law. Thus, leaving us with the original trinity of law, medicine, and divinity.
But this categorisation was in the medieval era. In the modern era with the development in science and technology and the growth of the megacity, engineering has now taken an influential position as one leading profession. As we become a consumerist society, we will rely on the products and services from engineers. The modern city is a backyard for engineering of all sorts. We can say that engineering as a profession rather than as a craft may be a nineteenth century phenomenon. But, in spite of its late origin, it has consolidated as the most ubiquitous profession as we demand more and better roads, bridges and other infrastructure that engineers design and construct. We do not forget the growth of ICT and the rise of ICT engineering that has transformed social and commercial transactions.
If we define engineering as “‘the creative application of scientific principles to design or develop structures, machines, apparatus, processes, or works utilising them singly or in combination; or to construct or operate the same with full cognizance of their design; or to forecast their behaviour under specific operating conditions; all as respects an intended function, economics of operation or safety to life and property”. Engineering therefore is about transforming science into useful products for human comfort. Engineering is something that engineers do, and what they do has profound effects on others. (See MergedFile (srecwarangal.ac.in)). We can see clearly that the engineering profession exemplifies professionalism. The object of engineering is human good.
If we look at the engineering profession as one that fosters creativity and a particular kind of mentality that is embedded in precision and accuracy, we begin to appreciate the dimensions of its utility as a profession that fosters nation-building. From a neo-weberian perspective, the professions foist a rational approach to solving process. Engineering, particularly, requires not just precision but creativity. To engineer a thing is to imagine possibilities. Great engineering, whether with respect to airplane or super conductor, requires a great imagination and high degree of precision thinking. Engineering is not just technical. It is also moral and social. Engineering is the pursuit of public good through the deployment of critical mental abilities that are guided by the ethical considerations of competence, due diligence, and honesty.
The Professions and the Problem with Nigeria:
The title of Chinua Achebe’s small but popular book is The Trouble with Nigeria. The moral philosopher, Schopenhauer, once said that it is easy to preach morality but difficult to find a basis for morality. In the same vein, it is easy to say that Nigeria is not working but difficult to point how and why Nigeria is not working. That Nigeria is not working is apparent. You don’t need to look far to see the signs of state failure. I am sure on your way to this event, you saw multiple signs of failure, starting from the fact that you may not have electricity from the grid, that the central water supply is non-existent in the city, and that the traffic lights in the city streets you drove through to this place are not working. This is at the mundane level. At a more consequential level, maybe you have relatives who are civil servants and have not been paid salaries for months. Or you are a pensioner who is sick and cannot call up any basic health insurance to treat yourself and even do not have access to statutorily guaranteed pension to mitigate your crisis. As a parent, your concern may be that your children who ought to be out of school and start fending for themselves are still trapped in the school system because of prolonged strike by university teachers. Or you may not be able to access medical treatment for the simplest illnesses either because you don’t have money to pay private hospitals, or you are scared that going to any government hospital is rushing to death. We don’t want to talk about the many households in northern Nigeria who cannot farm or go out or come in because their communities have been surrendered to bandits and Boko Haram terrorists. Or those in southern Nigeria who are daily terrified about being kidnapped or killed by assassins or caught in the firestorms of miliary crackdown on secessionists.
Anyhow you look at it, Nigeria is sorely distressed. Some would say that the country has failed or is at an advanced stage of failure. Even those who have responsibility to govern Nigeria admit the state of disrepair to the point of almost collapse. We know that nations are social constructions, as the sociologist, Bernard Anderson, argued in his classic, The Imagined Communities. If nations fail, it means that the quality of thought, values and good faith of their leading men and women were poor or ineffective. There is no fait accompli about the rise and fall of nations. But to solve the Nigerian problem we need to understand it. We cannot solve a problem we do not properly understand.
Many Nigerians have a distaste for what they call ‘too much grammar’. They seem to think that the problem with Nigeria is on the surface and therefore we do not need to brood too long to understand what to do. This is the cultural origin of the lack of rigour you see in the most important policy documents at the highest level of government in Nigeria. The professional virtues of deep research, clear and coherent thinking and rigorous and diligent application are missing in the formulation and implementation of policies to address the Nigerian problem. This explains the widespread failure we have encountered in all aspects of nation-building, whether in power sector, in education or healthcare.
We can categorise the ‘problem with Nigeria’ in three headings as (1) the nationality crisis, (2) the productivity crisis, and (3) the ethical crisis. These crises are self-reinforcing and self-perpetuating. They originate in an incoherent founding that reflects in our constitutional ordering. In this sense, it is a constructed problem. We constructed an incoherent social and political order that deprives the citizens of Nigeria the prospect of attaining the degree of nationalism required to create a consensus around development. Today, we have a country that is almost breaking up because of strong and ethnocentric centrifugal forces.
A thorough examination of our constitutional order and the state practices over the years shows that the Nigerian state was not constructed to engender and sustain nationalism, but rather, it was designed to nurture ethnic identity and ethnic competitive politics. This failure to design and practise a constitutional order that can generate strong nationalism led to the collapse of the First Republic and resulted in the civil war. Ever since, we have failed to construct a veritable constitutional order and institutional practices that can generate strong sense of democratic citizenship such that citizens will continue to see themselves as primarily and substantially Nigerians, with equal citizenship rights. This foundational failure is at the heart of the failure of the Nigerian project. Because of a foundational error and the inability or unwillingness to revise that foundational error the Nigerian nation has stumbled from one social disorder to another.
We have attempted all forms of band-aids save to get to the roots of the nationality crisis. The results are the ongoing violent herder-farmers clashes, perennial community warfare and endless eruptions of temper on state policy on religion. The religious crisis in Nigeria and the indigene-settlers’ crises are results of a constitutional ordering that is incoherent and neo-feudal. The inability of Nigerian elites (including its finest professionals) to band together to create a developmental state that can ensure we move from backwardness to forward on the development arc derives in significant measures from the incoherent constitutional order and ensuring state practices that undermine the formation of a national consciousness amongst the citizens. The implication of this singular failure diffuses across different domains of national life.
The second root of the Nigerian problem is the productivity crisis. The productivity crisis is partly generated by the nationality crisis. Because our constitutional order is not rooted in the ideals of democratic citizenship, but rather centred on privilege and prerogatives, the overriding fundamental objective of state policy and its directing principle is consumption, not production. The fact that the Nigerian economy, deriving its normative guidance from its constitutional order, is focused on consumption results in acute productivity crisis. Nigeria is a very poor country in spite of the pretensions of its leading elites and citizens enthralled by the perfidious waste. Today, Nigeria’s public debt is making it difficult for the country to service its obligations to citizens as articulated under the economic and social rights provisions of Chapter 2 of the constitution. The notable failure of the Nigerian economy to provide physical and social infrastructure to its citizens is compounded by its public debt entrapment. On the whole, the Nigerian economy is doomed except it can find a new lease of productivity to increase revenue and thereby reduce the fiscal crisis and the revenue crunch.
I had given considerable thought to the issue of public debt and the prospect of social and economic wellbeing of Nigerian citizens. My conclusion was that we are leaving in very terrible times because of Nigeria’s public debt crisis. I believe that the situation has worsened rather than improved. Let me quote myself extensively on this issue. In the November 2021 edition of the Nigerian Financial Magazine, I wrote as follows:
“As of June 2021, Nigeria’s total public debt (both domestic and foreign) was $86,571,80billion, comprising of $33,468.92billion (36.68%) of foreign debt. Nigeria’s Debt-to-GDP ratio is about 25%. Considering that the World Bank recommends 50% as the threshold for Debt-to-GDP ratio, there is a veneer of sustainability to Nigeria’s public debt. But this is nothing but a veneer. The truth is that Nigeria’s debt is not sustainable if we go beyond Debt-to-GDP and consider the Debt-to-Revenue and Debt-to-Expenditure ratios. These indicators are more important in debt sustainability than Debt-to-GDP considering Nigeria’s poverty level and the need for investment in social and physical infrastructure.
Based on Debt-to-GDP, the Minister of Finance has assured that Nigeria’ public debt is sustainable, and the country should continue to borrow for infrastructure development. This is false to the extent that it overlooks the implication of rising debt profile and increasing fiscal crisis. Nigeria debt is not sustainable because it costs Nigeria so much to service its debt. The danger of debt is when average rate of interest is more than rate of increase of debt.
In May 2021, Nigeria’s debt servicing to revenue was 98% as against international prudential benchmark of 22.5%. This translates to Nigeria spending 98% of its revenue on servicing debts alone. So, for every N100 the country makes, largely from oil receipts, it spends N98 to service its debt and only N2 for critical public expenditures. Nothing is more unsustainable than this. Nigeria revenue is shrinking, and its fiscal deficit is growing at geometrical proportion. This means that we are getting to where the entire national revenue will be inadequate to service debts. Nigeria will plunge more into debt to just keep up with its debt servicing obligation. Debt service to revenue is expected to rise to 395% in 2022.
To understand the precarity of Nigeria’s public debt profile compare it with those of comparable African countries. South Africa has a higher Debt-to GDP ratio than Nigeria (32% to Nigeria’s 35%), a lower Debt Servicing-to-Revenue ratio of 13.7% (Nigeria is 98%) and a higher Debt-to-Revenue ratio of 291, compared to Nigeria’s 7. Kenya is in far better position than Nigeria. Its Debt-to-GDP is 55.6%, Debt Servicing-to-Revenue of 34.8% and Debt-to-Revenue of 198. (Note that some of the data are 2017 data).
The Minister of Finance recognised that Nigeria is poor compared with other African countries in the indicators that determine the wellbeing of the people and the stability of its federation. But Nigeria is constrained by growing fiscal deficit to borrow more and more.
The eminent economist, Dudley Seer, advises us to always ask ‘What has been happening to poverty? What has been happening to unemployment? What has been happening to inequality?’ With over 100million poor citizens and one of the highest inequalities in the world (Gini-coefficient of 40% by 2017), Nigeria needs to spend more and more in capital projects and in cash transfers. With a revenue to debt profile of 7 (2017), the country faces a huge crisis of stimulating economic growth and human development.”
The point is simple and uncontestable. Nigeria has a productivity crisis, which the Minister of Finance calls a revenue problem. We are simply not productive; and that is why our revenue base is very low. Even before the pandemic and the constraint in global supply chain, we were producing little for export, apart from oil. Now, the truth our leaders do not realize is that the reason we are not productive is tied to our constitutional and institutional design. We are a nation that defines access to resources based on prerogatives and privileges, not tied to efforts and merits. Our constitution is pseudo aristocratic. It is not yet based on democratic citizenship. We have entrenched in the constitution a culture and practice of sharing, of entitlement, rather than a culture and practice of producing. The logic of our politics is to share, and not to produce. Even the sharing is not based on how much a man or woman contributes, but on social, religious and ethnicity identities and other irrelevant social considerations.
The third foundation of the Nigerian problem is the value crisis or the crisis of ethics. Nigeria is ethically challenged. This is the reason we are trapped at the bottom of global transparency and accountability index. We are a very corrupt country. The measure of corruption indexed by transparency watchdogs like the Transparency International does not register the magnitude of decay in the Nigerian body polity. The virus of lack of ethics is deeper in the Nigerian society than can be captured by any perception index. Take as an example, fraudulent certification. I can estimate that not less than 10 percent of Nigerian politicians and public officers are in the position they occupy today with fraudulent certificates. We have read from conventional media stories of fake doctors and lawyers who practised for years with forged certificates. Fakey is a cottage industry in Nigeria. All certificates can be easily faked in Nigeria. Sometimes, Nigerian regulatory institutions are accomplices to these high frauds. It is a shame that since 1999, many leading Nigerian politicians who still occupy high offices do not have the certificates they claim. Many of them did not attend the schools they claim, but they are still holding sway in high offices.
I will mention some high-profile cases of fraud to illustrate how much of an ethical crisis we have as a country. Early in 1999, the head of a legislative house in Nigeria was booted out of office for fraudulently increasing his age and claiming to have graduated from a foreign university when he did not even enroll in the university. The revelation was as a result of investigation by a Nigerian news media. Another head of a national legislative chambers was also impeached because of misstatement on age. At the same period, a governor of a Nigerian state was accused of fraud in stating in his INEC fillings that he attended schools he never attended and misstating many biographical facts about himself. It was alleged with substantial evidence that he did not even attend any of the primary and secondary schools he filled in his forms to qualify to stand for election as governor. Most of the legislators in the National Assembly are burdened with the same level of fraud. A former Senator and retired Assistant Inspector General of Police was so baffled that he shared legislative duties with criminals he jailed while a police officer that he broke protocols and called his colleagues criminals. Alex Perry, Time Magazine correspondent hit it on the head when he described Nigeria in these damning terms: “Nigeria’s rulers have often been indistinguishable from its criminals. In Nigeria corruption doesn’t just pollute the system, it is the system” That is how bad Nigeria is in ethics.
Nigeria’s crisis of ethics is very deep. It derives from the crisis of nationality and productivity and reinforces them. Our problem of low productivity is largely caused by the prevailing values in the country. The values that determine our individual and social transactions derive their legitimacy and efficacy from the foundations of our constitutional order and the institutional substantiation of this order. By this ordering we are not oriented for productivity. These values constitute social and cultural capital. These capitals are the resources for economic and social transformation. And where they are not amenable to economic productivity, the country will struggle to become a strong economy.
These values also determine the quality and integrity of governance and the efficiency of the public service. Corruption is a major menace to good governance in Nigeria. Fighting corruption without focusing on its cultural roots may be a mistake. Scholar of good governance and anticorruption like Alina Mungiu-Pippidi argues in her book, The Quest for Good Governance (Oxford, 2015, pages 61-2), that we cannot get to a society without pervasive corruption except we attain a social order of ethical universalism. In her view, the concept of corruption is strange in a society where the differentiation between the public and the private spheres is not clear, a society that is still neo-feudal in character, like the Nigerian state, a society where those in power and authority are treated like royalties. So, our pervasive corruption is tied also to the insufficient democratisation of the Nigerian state in the formal sense. Or we can argue that it is tied to the insufficient institutionalisation of ethical universalism. A constitutional and social order built on ethical universalism will be one that creates a natural environment for transparency and accountability. It will be one where citizens are morally encouraged to hold leaders accountable, where the legal structure will provide strong incentives for those in authority to make themselves accountable. We do not have such institutions and incentive structures, hence corruption and fraudulent behaviour at the highest places of authority have become attractive and even compelling.
The problem with Nigeria’s ruling elites is that they do not diagnose Nigeria’s problems from a deeper analytical lens. They superficially focus on the symptoms rather than on the underlying causes of the social pathology. To cure this endemic failure, we recommend a diagnostical approach which, though originating in medical practice, is influential in the engineering craft. It is called ‘differential diagnosis.’ This is a clinical practice that Columbia University economist, Jeffrey Sachs, after the failure of his reform policies in Eastern Europe leant from his physician wife. In his book, The End of Poverty: How We Can Make It Happen in Our Lifetime (Penguin Book 2006), Sachs argues that in differential diagnosis you painstakingly rule out all possible underlying causes of an ailment before zeroing on the real cause and prescribing a cure. Looking back on the rash of reform policies administered in Eastern Europe at the end of the Cold War, Sachs realised that the policies failed largely because they did not come out of proper diagnosis of the actual crisis of development in those regions, rather they were figments of an ideological mindset.
Jeffrey Sachs claimed to have learnt five lessons from medicine that he thinks should be applied to economic reform in the form of ‘clinical economics’. First, he learnt that the human body is a complex system. “The complexity of human system has many implications beyond the mere fact that a lot of things can go wrong. Most important, one failure can lead to a cascade of additional failures”. We can say the same of the social system.
Second lesson is that complexity requires a differential analysis. “Epidemiologists also reminds us that a patient may be suffering from more than one condition at a time, and that these diseases may be interrelated”. This applies as well to social system and calls for co-evolution of institutions.
Again, he learnt that all medicine is family medicine. “In order to treat the child’s disease successfully, it is important to understand the social setting. Are the parents capable of providing treatment? Is the mother herself free from disease, or extreme poverty, abuse or other condition that would prevent her from following on a recommended course of treatment for her child”.
The fourth lesson is that monitoring and evaluation are critical to successful treatment. “Good clinicians therefore hold each diagnosis not as sacrosanct, but as the best maintained hypothesis of the moment. This hypothesis might well be confirmed, but the doctor is prepared to shift ground if the evidence calls for a new approach. The final lesson is that medicine is a profession. A profession requires ‘strong norms, ethics, and codes of conduct”. We will say more about the fifth lesson later.
The problem that Jeffery Sachs raised in his book about the failure of policy reform in Eastern Europe is one that also applies to Nigeria. The resort to ‘differential diagnosis’ as a critical perspective to developing policy options that have higher chance of success raises the importance of a professional mindset in understanding and solving socio-economic challenges of development. Such a mindset is also one of the features of the engineering craft. I would like to explore this mindset a little bit more.
At the heart of engineering craft are virtues of critical thinking, systems thinking, simplification, precision, and accuracy. The craft requires a mindset of problem-solving. The engineer as a creator works around problems. To work around problems requires a strategic approach. You cannot do strategy without a good diagnosis. You must have a good sense of the problem. A good diagnosis is both a science and an art. It requires high technical expertise as well as a good dose of common sense enabled by good observation. If we do not pay attention to the little things that matter, to differing context, we can never get to an accurate diagnosis. And without a good diagnosis you cannot have a successful intervention.
At the heart of diagnosis is the ability to acknowledge complexity and analyse and simplify it. According to the renowned professor of strategy and management, Richard Rumelt, a good diagnosis “defines or explains the nature of the challenge. A good diagnosis simplifies the often overwhelming complexity of reality by identifying certain aspects of the situation as critical”. (See Richard Rumelt, Good Strategy Bad Strategy: The Difference and Why It Matters (Profile Books, 2013). If we misdiagnose the problems of development, we will select ineffective policies. The end result of the failure of intelligence will be failure of reform. This is where we can benefit from the critical and rational mindset of the engineering profession. We have to be painstaking in analysing complexities and not designing and deploying project on incompletely theorised solutions. The professional mindsets require differential diagnosis that will lead to an effective intervention.
The engineering mindset is not just about technocratic skills. it is also about leadership skills. Engineers are not just executors. They are also visionaries and creative geniuses. They are also planners. They are reformers as well. Their training and orientation equip them to play roles as visionaries and executors. They ordinarily should understand complexities and the need for differential diagnosis. Because they are persons attested to have high expertise and character, we can easily presume that they will intuitively understand the need for rigour and due diligence in designing and deploying solutions. Some would argue that lately Nigerian policymakers and project managers have not applied this professional mindset to the challenges of nation-building. We will come to this point later in the discourse. For now, let me illustrate the problem of lack of rigour and due diligence with respect to the electricity sector.
Illustrating the Nigerian crisis and the Professional Approach with the Electricity Sector Crisis:
The Nigerian electricity sector is in deep crisis. We have now implemented the reform programme for more than 15 years. The National Electric Power Policy (NEPP) was announced in 2001 and the Electric Sector Reform Act was enacted in 2005. In 2006, the regulator was established and in 2013 the distribution and generation companies were privatised. Today, we are not any closer to stable electricity, contrary to the claims and expectations of the power sector reformers. What went wrong? I used to teach energy law and policy and often I asked my graduate students to determine whether the failure of the Nigerian electricity reform is a modelling or a project management problem. Where did we go wrong? Did we fail in modelling or on project management or on both?
Professor Jeffrey Sachs observes that reforms in liberalising the economy in East Europe failed largely because of diagnostic errors. The errors occurred because the diagnosis was simplistic, not rigorous as required. The rigorous diagnosis he called ‘differential diagnosis.’ Anyone who carefully reads through both the NEPP and the EPSR Act will discover that the reform prescribed policy options that were not justified by good diagnosis. The failure of the electricity industry was ideologically presented as mostly or even solely about public ownership. With such poor diagnosis, the reform quickly settled on privatisation as the cure. Although the NEPP mentioned commercialisation and corporatisation, the Presidential Roadmap and other policy instruments rushed to privatisation as the medicine that would revive the ailing industry.
This ideologically driven diagnosis and policy recommendation overlooked some of the complexities of the electricity industry in Nigeria. Like the shock therapists in Eastern Europe, reformers in Nigeria did not consider the complexities of the local electricity industry before choosing the right policies. That is a modelling error that could have been cured by a mindset of differential diagnosis. Arguably, the outcome of the reform could have been different if we were less ideological and invested more effort in strengthening commercialisation and corporatisation before undertaking privatisation. Getting government out of the electricity market is not a bad economic decision. But it is one that should be made pragmatically not doctrinairely. It should be preceded by deep reform in the public sector and the strengthening of the regulatory regime. A proper contextual reading of privatisation in the UK and Chile would have revealed to the reformers that what makes privatised electricity sector work is not the fact of private capital, but the quality of governance rules in the electricity market. They would have realised, as Nobel Laureate economist, Joseph Stiglitz of Columbia University, observed many years ago in his book, Globalization and its Discontent (W.W. Norton and Co, 2002), that privatisation is difficult to get right. And to get it right, you need to contextualise the principles of efficient market. We did not do enough of contextualisation and phasing. The shock therapy approach of selling off unreformed utilities is one that did not benefit from the rigour of professionalism.
But beyond modelling failure, the crisis of the electricity industry today owes a lot to project management failure. We built an unworkable model. But we also managed it inefficiently. The project management failure shows in the fact that some of the projects that would have mitigated the crisis of electricity supply in Nigeria have failed. Think about the Nigerian Integrated Power Project (NIPP). The logic of quick ramp-up of generation through public sector procurement is a good one. Government did well to invest excess crude money in building 10 power plants that could generate 5000mw. The two phases of the project ought to have been completed before 2015 and added about 10000mw extra capacity to the grid. Today,15 years after, we are not even sure of a reliable 4,000mw from the entire NIPPs. Some of the plants are not completed 15 years after. Those completed do not have adequate supply of gas. This is a notable example of project failure arising from failure of professional intelligence in planning, designing, and executing critical projects. We can say the same about failure to build critical gas infrastructure in sync with construction of gas-fired power plants. If we had effectively managed these projects, we would have succeeded in harvesting these megawatts from the NIPPs and generally improved supply to households and businesses and eased transition to competitive electricity market.
Fixing Nigeria and the Responsibility of the Professional Elites:
Well, this is not a lecture to bemoan and lament the crisis of governance in Nigeria. This is a lecture to diagnose and find solutions to this crisis of governance. This is a lecture to argue that a more professional and technocratic approach to governance would help Nigeria get out of the woods as quickly as possible. And because the governing metaphor of this lecture is engineering solutions to the Nigerian crises, we will be more strategic in discussing Nigeria’s past, present and future.
Nigeria is a failing state. If the country ultimately fails, it is a huge indictment against Nigerian professionals and the country’s dominant professions. This may appear as a wild and unjustified indictment. But it is true. Professionals and the professions are the elites of a society. Our doctors, engineers, lawyers, and other professionals are the light and underwriters of the civilisation we uphold in modern society. It is true that modern society is now mostly egalitarian and democratic such that we reckon that all citizens have equal stakes in the benefits and responsibilities of the state. But in reality, there are plenty asymmetries in modern society. As folk musician, Oliver De Coque, once put it in igbo lyrics, ‘Ana enwe Obodo enwe”. Some people own the city. The asymmetry may be in respect of the degree of enlightenment of some citizens or how much access to finance and other resources they have as against fellow citizens.
So, although we are a democratic society that prides itself as non-aristocratic, there is always a collection of elites who have more stakes (or should we say, more skin) in the game and therefore ought to invest more, at least in a formal sense, in the promotion of the values and wellbeing of a society. This collection may be defined by aristocratic or meritocratic pedigree. They may be aristocrats of wealth or parentage or aristocrats of knowledge. Today, we deal more with the aristocracy of knowledge in the form of the professional class. The governing elites in any society are likely to be members of such aristocracy of talent and training.
The asymmetry of knowledge and expertise has created a new social differentiation that determines the direction of a modern state. With the triumph of market economy globally, these collections of elites have become a form of transnational class. Their membership cuts across national boundaries. Some critics argue that these professionals are united by a certain philosophical ideology, more like a new religion. This religion can be called ‘neoliberal orthodoxy’. It is defined by a central commitment to a market economy where individualism and customer sovereignty hold sway. In this global orthodoxy, the policy elites are ascendant. Some would say that amongst professions and professionals, economics and economists are at the pecking order of this new global hierarchy. But, as true as it is, we see that engineering and engineers are not far from the place of influence. The theories of economics may have influenced the orthodoxy, it is the practice of engineering that determines the construction of its institutions and physical structures.
The global transnational coalition of professionals that underwrites the neoliberal orthodoxy has been dismissively labeled ‘Transnational Capitalist Class (TCC). This elite class is transnational because its membership extends beyond the borders of a state. Leslie Sklair has broken TCC into four categories which include “(1) Those who own and control the major transnational corporations (TNCs) and their local affiliates (corporate fraction); 2. Globalising politicians and bureaucrats (political fraction); 3. Globalising professionals (technical fraction); 4. Merchants and media (consumerist fraction)”. He argues that together these groups “constitute a global power elite, ruling class or inner circle in the sense that these terms have been used to characterise the class structures of specific countries.”
This elite class can a pose challenge to the quality of democratic governance in many societies today. Social researchers and philosophers are worried at what Harvard political philosopher, Michael Sandel calls ‘the tyranny of merit’, in a book by the same title. The triumph of technocracy in the sense of the rise of elitist politics, buoyed by the cult of meritocracy, poses a challenge to democracy. In Sandle’s views, “… the technocratic approach to governance treated many public questions as matter of technical expertise beyond the reach of ordinary citizens. This narrowed the scope of democratic arguments, hallowed out the terms of public discourse, and produced a growing sense of disempowerment”.
This is one way of looking at the influence of the elite class in the political culture of a society. Another perspective is to see members of the professional class as a custodian of public morality and intellect required to solve the common problems of society. This is the concept of virtuous elitism. Technocratic elites are possessors of the advanced techniques and skills to solve the problems of economic and social decay, problems that require extraordinary application of knowledge and competence. From this perspective, members of the technocratic elites have a special responsibility to understand how their society is not working and how to make it work.
How much of our problems as a nation can be solved if we have more professionals like engineers in government, in places of policymaking and execution? Do we need to have our cabinet members to be engineers, economists, accountants, and lawyers to begin to run a coherent and intelligent governance? As we look forward to 2023, do we need to profile our candidates and ensure they have the requisite expertise and character expected of professionals who will understand socio-economic challenges and have the capacity to select most viable solutions? There has been argument that we need to have a cabinet of engineers like Taiwan to have the kind of technological and economic success that Taiwan has recorded in a short time.
We may not be like Taiwan to have a cabinet of engineers. But we can strive to have public leadership defined by the degree of high expertise and character that proper professionals possess. The problem is that many of the bungling public officials in Nigeria are certificated as professionals without the display of high expertise and character that define professionalism. The many collapsed buildings and failed projects in Nigeria calls for scrutiny of professional regulation in Nigeria.
In the legal profession, we are seeing a bewildering degree of unprofessional behaviour by incompetent lawyers whose lack of diligence in legal advisory is costing the public billions of dollars. We may need to have regulations that punish any public lawyer who fails to prevent avoidable corruption or financial loss, due to lack of due diligence. The same applies to engineers and other professionals who come short of the degree of due diligence and competence required in their professions. Such incompetent professionals should be required to suffer losses for the harms they cause the public. As the philosopher of servant leadership, Robert Greenleaf, observes, it is a moral failure not to take action to avoid an avoidable problem. Such moral failure is a failure of professionalism. More professionalism will help control the incidences of intelligence and moral failures that impose huge costs on the public. If we are able to mainstream professionalism into the public leadership, we will reduce the propensity of policy and project failure and help to recreate the Nigerian nation.
Engineering a Better Nigeria: A Managerial Art?
We can re-engineer a new Nigeria. We can create a country with a common citizenship, a country that provides security and welfare for its citizens, a country that can protect lives and property in its borders. This requires a problem-solving leadership. Such leadership is both inspirational and managerial. We need to have leaders who can inspire all of us to greater nationalism, but also able to manage human and material resources in a manner that guarantees sustainable development. Managerial leadership entails the two competencies that professionalism bestows: expertise and character. Managerial leadership entails the ability to craft an ennobling vision, a vision that is both grand and compelling, a vision that generates consensus and extracts commitment from the people. Professor James MacGregor Burns puts it this way in his Transforming Leadership (Grove Press, 2003): “Leadership is leader acting – as well as caring, inspiring and persuading others to act for certain shared goals that represent the values – the wants and needs, the aspirations and expectations – of themselves and the people they represent. And the genius of leadership lies in the manner in which leaders care about, visualise and act on their own and their followers’ values and motivations”.
Leaders visualise. But leaders also execute. To effectively execute, leaders must be pragmatic. They must take the world as it is. They must pay attention to the underlying conditions of their society and not construct the future from an imaginary society. Managerial leadership also requires creativity. We have to create prosperity from poverty, beauty from ugliness and harmony from disorder. Managerial leadership requires quality coordination, attentiveness, and firm execution. All these are components of the expertise that professionalism breeds.
To engineer the future Nigeria of our dream, we need the ethical dimensions of competence which is a component of the engineering craft. That is ethical leadership. Visionary leadership requires ethical leaders whose words are trustworthy, whose pedigree is inspiring and whose truthfulness draws the nation to them. Without ethical leadership, Nigeria cannot cure the ethical crisis at the heart of its productivity crisis. We need credible leadership based on trustworthiness. That cannot be possible with leaders whose basic educational qualifications and other curriculum vitae cannot be verified or trusted. Such leadership is not possible with leaders whose every record is laced with fraud.
To re-engineer Nigeria we need a new leadership cadre and culture characterised by technical and ethical competence. We need leaders with the managerial competence to envision change, build a leading team, construct a structure that enables transformation and executes firmly and effectively. We need leaders who are not only visionaries, but also technicians who understand the complexities of society and have the technical aptitude to design schemes and decide methods to perform tasks; allocate adequate resources towards those tasks; and deploy resources, skills, and techniques to perform the designed tasks. We may not be like Taiwan and have a cabinet full of engineers. But we should have leaders who have the managerial mindset, especially those nurtured in the engineering craft.
Conclusion:
How do we conclude this long discourse? We can end by stating that creating a better Nigeria is possible. There is no fatalism about either the failure or the success of the Nigerian nation. Our past failure reflects the quality of intelligence we have applied to statecraft. Our success in the months and years ahead will reflect the quality of intelligence we are applying to identify and resolve the many crises of development in the country. We have not succeeded so far in dealing with the challenges of development for the simple reason that, like Albert Einstein puts it, the quality of thinking we are applying to the search for solution is far less than the quality of thinking that created the problems in the first place. The argument of the paper is that the professional mindset of engineering can help us overcome these challenges if we transpose its rigour and due diligence into legislative chambers and policy rooms. We can recreate Nigeria with a professional mindset as long as we are determined to apply regulatory fervor of our professions to public leadership. This requires reshaping the professions. We need the professional associations like the NSE to regain the expertise and character of their profession. We need to improve the regulation of the training and practice of engineering, law, medicine, accountancy, and other important professions that define the 21st century administrative state. We need professional associations that will mandate professional education that can impact the managerial mindset of excellence.
I have no doubt that the Nigerian Society of Engineers (NSE) under Engineer Tasiu Wudil will be such a professional association that effectively regulates to infuse in its members the technical expertise and character to re-engineer a better Nigeria.
•A text of a keynote lecture by Dr. Sam Amadi, former Chairman and Chief Executive of Nigerian Electricity Regulatory Commission and now Director of Abuja School of Social and Political Though and Chair of The Leadership Center (TLC) on January 21, 2022, at the Pre-Investiture Colloquium of the Nigerian Society of Engineers at the International Conference Centre, Abuja
It’s actually a great and useful piece of information. I’m satisfied that you simply shared this useful info with us.
Please stay us informed like this. Thank you for sharing.
Here is my web site :: Vape Shop
Undeniably imagine that which you stated. Your favorite justification appeared to be on the net the easiest
thing to take into account of. I say to you,
I definitely get irked whilst other people think about concerns that they plainly do not know about.
You controlled to hit the nail upon the top and outlined out the entire thing without having side-effects ,
people could take a signal. Will probably be again to get
more. Thanks
Feel free to surf to my web blog; Vape Shop
Hi mates, how is all, and what you desire to say regarding this piece of
writing, in my view its in fact remarkable for me.
Feel free to surf to my web site; Vape Shops
I was recommended this blog by my cousin. I am not sure whether this submit is written by
means of him as no one else realize such targeted approximately my difficulty.
You’re incredible! Thank you!
my webpage – Philippines Vape Shop
I like it when people get together and share thoughts.
Great website, keep it up!
Here is my web-site: online Vape Shop
Great blog here! Also your website loads up very fast! What web host are you using?
Can I get your affiliate link to your host? I wish my site
loaded up as fast as yours lol
Stop by my webpage – Vape Shop
Right away I am ready to do my breakfast, after having my breakfast coming again to read other news.
my website – Vape
Hey! I know this is kinda off topic however , I’d figured I’d
ask. Would you be interested in trading links or maybe guest writing a
blog article or vice-versa? My site discusses a lot of the same subjects as yours and I think we could
greatly benefit from each other. If you might
be interested feel free to shoot me an e-mail. I look forward to hearing from you!
Awesome blog by the way!
Also visit my webpage – Vape
I am actually delighted to read this website posts which includes lots
of valuable data, thanks for providing these kinds of statistics.
Look into my blog … Vape Shop Philippines
Hi there, just became aware of your blog through Google, and found that it’s really informative.
I am gonna watch out for brussels. I will appreciate if you continue this in future.
Numerous people will be benefited from your writing.
Cheers!
my blog – Vape
Appreciating the commitment you put into your blog and in depth information you provide.
It’s great to come across a blog every once in a while that
isn’t the same out of date rehashed information. Excellent read!
I’ve saved your site and I’m adding your RSS feeds to my Google
account.
Feel free to visit my page; mining article
Hi there! I could have sworn I’ve been to this blog before but after checking
through some of the post I realized it’s new to me.
Nonetheless, I’m definitely glad I found it and I’ll
be book-marking and checking back frequently!
Here is my web blog Vape
Its not my first time to visit this site, i am visiting this website
dailly and get fastidious facts from here every day.
Here is my web blog :: Vape Shops
You need to take part in a contest for one of the greatest websites online.
I most certainly will highly recommend this web site!
Here is my web site … Philippines Vape Shop
Wow! At last I got a weblog from where I be able to truly
obtain valuable data regarding my study and knowledge.
Feel free to visit my website: Vape Shops
A motivating discussion is definitely worth comment. I do think that you need to write more about this
issue, it might not be a taboo subject but typically folks don’t speak about these subjects.
To the next! Best wishes!!
Here is my blog post :: Vape Shops
Hello, Neat post. There’s a problem together with your website in internet explorer,
could test this? IE nonetheless is the market chief and a huge section of people will
pass over your excellent writing because of this problem.
Here is my web page; Philippines Vape Shop
My spouse and I stumbled over here from a different website
and thought I should check things out. I like what
I see so now i’m following you. Look forward to exploring your web page for a second time.
Feel free to visit my web page: Vape Shops
bookmarked!!, I really like your blog!
my website Philippines Vape Shop
Today, I went to the beach with my kids. I found a sea shell and gave it to my 4 year old daughter
and said “You can hear the ocean if you put this to your ear.” She put the shell to
her ear and screamed. There was a hermit crab inside
and it pinched her ear. She never wants to go back!
LoL I know this is totally off topic but I had to tell someone!
my webpage … 5 ข้อดีของเว็บสล็อตรุ่นใหม่ ที่ครองใจคนยุคนี้ได้มาก
This post gives clear idea for the new users of blogging, that genuinely how to do blogging.
Visit my web blog … online Vape Shop [Quinn]
Do you have any video of that? I’d love to
find out more details.
my webpage: Vape Shop Philippines
Ahaa, its good dialogue concerning this post here at this website,
I have read all that, so at this time me also commenting at
this place.
Check out my web blog: Vape
First off I would like to say excellent blog!
I had a quick question in which I’d like to ask if you
do not mind. I was interested to find out how you center yourself and clear
your head prior to writing. I have had a hard time clearing my thoughts in getting my ideas out.
I truly do take pleasure in writing however it
just seems like the first 10 to 15 minutes are wasted simply just trying to figure out how to begin. Any ideas or hints?
Many thanks!
Feel free to visit my blog post – m8slot
Its like you read my mind! You seem to know a lot about this, like you
wrote the book in it or something. I think that you
can do with a few pics to drive the message home a little bit, but other than that, this
is fantastic blog. A great read. I will certainly
be back.
Also visit my web page :: novelfullweb.com
Please let me know if you’re looking for a article author for your weblog.
You have some really great posts and I believe I would
be a good asset. If you ever want to take some of the load off, I’d love to write some
material for your blog in exchange for a link
back to mine. Please shoot me an e-mail if interested.
Thank you!
my web-site … Philippines Vape Shop
Awesome article.
My web-site; Vape Shop
Having read this I thought it was very enlightening. I appreciate you finding the time and energy to put this short article together.
I once again find myself personally spending a significant amount of time both reading and commenting.
But so what, it was still worth it!
Here is my homepage – Philippines Vape Shop
Post writing is also a fun, if you be familiar with afterward you can write or else
it is complicated to write.
My webpage – Vape
What’s up, constantly i used to check weblog posts here early in the morning, because i enjoy to find out more and more.
My website :: online Vape Shop
It’s very simple to find out any topic on web as compared to
textbooks, as I found this post at this web site.
Look into my web site; Vape Shop Philippines
Whats up very cool site!! Guy .. Excellent .. Superb ..
I’ll bookmark your web site and take the feeds additionally?
I’m happy to seek out so many helpful info right here in the post, we
want develop more techniques on this regard, thank you for sharing.
. . . . .
My page – online Vape Shop
Hello, just wanted to tell you, I liked this article.
It was practical. Keep on posting!
Also visit my site … Vape Shops
Wow, that’s what I was seeking for, what a stuff! present here
at this webpage, thanks admin of this web page.
Feel free to visit my page: Vape Shops
Hey there I am so delighted I found your website, I really found
you by accident, while I was looking on Askjeeve
for something else, Regardless I am here now and would
just like to say thanks for a tremendous post and a all round interesting blog (I
also love the theme/design), I don’t have time to look
over it all at the moment but I have book-marked it and also added your RSS feeds, so when I have time I will be back to read a great deal more,
Please do keep up the great b.
Feel free to visit my page: Vape
Hello, Neat post. There’s an issue along with your web site
in internet explorer, may test this? IE still is the market chief and a
good section of other folks will omit your excellent writing due to this
problem.
Feel free to visit my page; online Vape Shop
Every weekend i used to visit this web page, for the reason that i want enjoyment,
since this this website conations truly fastidious funny
material too.
my site: Vape Shops (Ernie)
Good day! Do you use Twitter? I’d like to follow you if that would be okay.
I’m definitely enjoying your blog and look forward to new updates.
Feel free to visit my blog – Vape Shops
Your means of explaining the whole thing in this post is truly good,
every one be capable of effortlessly know it, Thanks a lot.
My page … Vape Shop in the Philippines
Good post! We are linking to this particularly great article on our site.
Keep up the good writing.
Also visit my web page :: Vape Shop (Phillis)
I know this if off topic but I’m looking into starting my own weblog and was
curious what all is required to get set up? I’m assuming having a blog like yours would cost a pretty penny?
I’m not very web savvy so I’m not 100% sure. Any suggestions or advice would be
greatly appreciated. Cheers
Here is my web page: online Vape Shop
Wonderful work! This is the kind of information that are meant to be shared across the web.
Disgrace on Google for not positioning this post higher!
Come on over and consult with my site . Thanks =)
Take a look at my web-site … IPTV
Hey there! I’ve been following your website for
some time now and finally got the courage to go ahead and give you a shout out
from Lubbock Texas! Just wanted to mention keep up the good
job!
my homepage – Vape Shop
I simply couldn’t depart your web site prior to suggesting that I extremely loved
the standard info a person supply on your visitors? Is going to be again ceaselessly
in order to check out new posts
Check out my web site … Philippines Vape Shop
I got this site from my pal who told me regarding this website and now this time I am visiting this web page and reading very informative posts at
this place.
Also visit my website: Vape Shop Philippines
Hi there, this weekend is nice designed for me, because this occasion i am reading this wonderful educational article here at my home.
Feel free to visit my blog post Vape Shops
Hi everyone, it’s my first visit at this web page, and paragraph is genuinely fruitful designed for me, keep up posting these
content.
my blog: online Vape Shop
Heya i’m for the primary time here. I found this board and I find It truly helpful & it helped me out much.
I’m hoping to provide one thing again and help others
such as you helped me.
Feel free to visit my webpage :: Vape Shop in the Philippines
Touche. Sound arguments. Keep up the great work.
My page – Vape Shop in the Philippines
I’m not sure exactly why but this blog is loading extremely slow for me.
Is anyone else having this issue or is it a problem on my end?
I’ll check back later on and see if the problem still
exists.
Look at my web page; Vape (Reginald)
Thanks for sharing your info. I truly appreciate your efforts and I
am waiting for your next write ups thank you once again.
My page: Vape Shops (Joel)
Thanks on your marvelous posting! I truly enjoyed reading it, you may be a great author.
I will ensure that I bookmark your blog and will often come back very
soon. I want to encourage one to continue your great writing, have a
nice morning!
Here is my blog post Vape Shop Philippines
Hi! Quick question that’s entirely off topic.
Do you know how to make your site mobile friendly?
My weblog looks weird when browsing from my iphone4.
I’m trying to find a template or plugin that might be able to correct this issue.
If you have any suggestions, please share.
Cheers!
Have a look at my web-site – online Vape Shop
Very nice blog post. I absolutely appreciate this website.
Continue the good work!
My website … slot online
Peculiar article, just what I needed.
Also visit my web blog – Vape Shop Philippines
Very good blog post. I definitely appreciate this site.
Continue the good work!
Check out my web page; Philippines Vape Shop (Leonel)
I read this article fully regarding the resemblance of newest and
earlier technologies, it’s amazing article.
My website เกมส์ สล็อต ผล ไม้
An interesting discussion is worth comment.
I do believe that you should publish more about this issue, it may not
be a taboo matter but typically people do not discuss these issues.
To the next! Many thanks!!
Here is my web page Vape Shop in the Philippines
This site was… how do I say it? Relevant!!
Finally I’ve found something which helped me.
Many thanks!
Also visit my site … Vape Shop
Hey There. I discovered your blog using msn. That is a very smartly written article.
I will be sure to bookmark it and come back to learn extra of your useful info.
Thank you for the post. I’ll definitely comeback.
Also visit my page: online Vape Shop
Hello there, I found your website via Google at the same time as searching for a
related matter, your site came up, it appears to be like good.
I’ve bookmarked it in my google bookmarks.
Hi there, just turned into aware of your weblog thru Google, and found that it is
truly informative. I am going to be careful for brussels.
I’ll appreciate in case you continue this in future.
Lots of other folks might be benefited from your writing.
Cheers!
Here is my webpage :: Vape Shop Philippines
I have read so many articles or reviews about the blogger lovers but this article
is in fact a good paragraph, keep it up.
My web page … Vape Shop Philippines
bookmarked!!, I like your web site!
Also visit my web site :: Philippines Vape Shop
Hey very nice blog!
Here is my website – Philippines Vape Shop
Hmm it appears like your website ate my first comment (it was super long) so I guess I’ll
just sum it up what I had written and say, I’m thoroughly enjoying your blog.
I as well am an aspiring blog writer but I’m still new to the whole
thing. Do you have any helpful hints for beginner
blog writers? I’d certainly appreciate it.
Here is my blog Vape Shop in the Philippines
I couldn’t resist commenting. Perfectly written!
my site; Vape Shop
Awesome article.
Feel free to visit my homepage: เล่นเกมส์ได้เงินจริง ไม่ต้องลงทุน
Very great post. I just stumbled upon your weblog and wanted
to mention that I have really enjoyed browsing your blog posts.
In any case I’ll be subscribing in your feed and I hope you
write again very soon!
Also visit my website: Vape Shop Philippines
Hello everyone, it’s my first pay a quick visit at this website, and paragraph is really fruitful for me,
keep up posting these content.
Visit my website :: แจกโปรแกรมสแกนสล็อตฟรี
You can definitely see your enthusiasm in the article you write.
The arena hopes for more passionate writers like you who aren’t afraid to say how they believe.
At all times go after your heart.
Also visit my page; Vape Shop in the Philippines
Hi this is kinda of off topic but I was wondering if blogs use
WYSIWYG editors or if you have to manually code with HTML.
I’m starting a blog soon but have no coding skills so I wanted to get guidance from
someone with experience. Any help would be enormously appreciated!
Also visit my blog … Vape Shop
Very good article! We are linking to this great content on our website.
Keep up the good writing.
My homepage … Vape Shop (Kristeen)
Good day! This post could not be written any better!
Reading this post reminds me of my previous room mate!
He always kept chatting about this. I will forward this post to him.
Pretty sure he will have a good read. Thank you for sharing!
my web blog: Vape Shop in the Philippines (Kristian)
I’m not sure exactly why but this website is loading incredibly slow for me.
Is anyone else having this problem or is it a issue on my end?
I’ll check back later on and see if the problem still exists.
Feel free to visit my webpage :: Vape Shop in the Philippines
If you want to take a good deal from this article then you have to apply these methods
to your won webpage.
My blog post – Vape Shop Philippines
hello!,I really like your writing very much! percentage we communicate extra about your article on AOL?
I require a specialist in this space to resolve my problem.
Maybe that’s you! Taking a look ahead to see you.
Also visit my homepage: Philippines Vape Shop
Great web site you have here.. It’s difficult to find high quality writing like yours nowadays.
I truly appreciate individuals like you! Take care!!
Here is my site: Vape Shop Philippines
Today, I went to the beachfront with my children. I found a sea shell and gave it to
my 4 year old daughter and said “You can hear the ocean if you put this to your ear.” She put the shell to her ear and screamed.
There was a hermit crab inside and it pinched her ear. She never wants to go back!
LoL I know this is completely off topic but I had to tell someone!
Also visit my web blog – Philippines Vape Shop
I am curious to find out what blog system you are using? I’m having some minor security problems with my latest blog and I’d like to find
something more safe. Do you have any solutions?
Have a look at my blog post; Philippines Vape Shop
Hello there, I discovered your blog via Google while
searching for a related matter, your website came up,
it seems to be good. I have bookmarked it in my
google bookmarks.
Hi there, simply was aware of your blog through Google, and located that
it’s truly informative. I’m going to watch out for brussels.
I’ll appreciate should you proceed this in future. Lots of people will probably be benefited from your
writing. Cheers!
Here is my site … Vape Shop Philippines (Izetta)
I do trust all the ideas you have introduced in your post.
They’re very convincing and will definitely work. Still, the
posts are very brief for newbies. May just you please
prolong them a bit from next time? Thank you for the post.
Review my web page Vape Shop
I am extremely impressed with your writing skills and also with the layout on your weblog.
Is this a paid theme or did you modify it yourself? Anyway keep up the nice quality writing,
it’s rare to see a great blog like this one nowadays.
Feel free to surf to my blog: IPTV
It is the best time to make some plans for the future and it is time
to be happy. I have read this post and if I could I want to suggest you
some interesting things or suggestions. Perhaps you can write next articles referring to this article.
I want to read even more things about it!
Look into my page; online Vape Shop (Magaret)
Wow, that’s what I was exploring for, what a data!
present here at this website, thanks admin of this web site.
Feel free to visit my web blog – Philippines Vape Shop
Highly energetic post, I liked that a lot. Will there
be a part 2?
Check out my site Vape
แหล่งรวมเว็บสล็อต มาพร้อมระบบและก็บริการดีๆสำหรับสมาชิกทุกท่าน สมัครเป็นสมาชิกได้แล้วช่วงนี้เพื่อให้ทุกท่านสามารถร่วมบันเทิงใจรวมทั้งทำเงินได้อย่างไร้ข้อจำกัด เป็นแหล่งรวมเกมที่ใหญ่ที่สุดของพวกเรา บริการดีๆต่างๆมากมาย เปิดให้บริการจากผู้ผลิตโดยตรงจากต่างประเทศ ได้อย่างเพลินใจไร้ขีดกำจัด
สามารถทำธุรกรรมการเงินต่างๆได้ด้วยตัวเอง กรรมวิธีการเล่นผ่านอุกปรณ์โทรศัพท์เคลื่อนที่
วางเดิมพันด้วยเงินจริง ที่รวมค่ายทุกค่ายเอาไว้ภายใน สล็อตเว็บหลัก ของเราไว้แบบครบวงจร เว็บเล่นสล็อต เก็บรวบรวมเอาไว้ในค่ายเกมเดียวจบครบเชื่อมั่นได้100% ได้เปิดให้บริการที่สุดแสนจะพิเศษสำหรับสมาชิกทุกท่าน สล็อตเครดิตฟรีที่จะสามารถช่วยให้ผู้เล่นมือใหม่ ถ้ามีปัญหาหรือปัญหาอย่างไรก็สามารถติดต่อหาทีมงานได้โดยทันที มีโบนัสแตกหนักแตกบ่อยครั้งมีผู้เล่นหลายๆคนซึ่งสามารถปราบเงินรางวัลแจ็คพอตก้อนโต ลุ้นรับเงินรางวัลปัจจุบันนี้เปิดประสบการณ์ใหม่ที่ไม่เคยได้รับจากที่ไหนการันตีว่าไม่ผิดหวังอย่างแน่แท้ อย่าคอยช้าสมัครเดี๋ยวนี้ลุ้นรับเงินรางวัลช่วงนี้เปิดประสบดารณ์ใหม่ที่ไม่เคยได้รับจากที่ไหนการันตีว่าไม่ผิดหวังอย่างแน่แท้ สามารถร่วมสนุกกับเกมต่างๆเยอะแยะได้อย่างไร้วิตกกังวลพร้อมมีระบบระเบียบแล้วก็บริการดีๆต่างๆเยอะแยะ
สามารถทำธุรกรรมต่างๆผ่านระบบฝาก-ถอนได้ด้วยตัวเองสะดวกมั่นคงแล้วก็ปลอดภัย100%สามารถร่วมบันเทิงใจกับเกมสล็อตแตกง่ายได้อย่างเพลิดเพลินใจ สำหรับสมาชิกทุกคนที่ยังไม่มีประสบการณ์การเล่นมาก่อนการฝึกหัดเล่นในโหมดทดลองเล่นสล็อตฟรีจะช่วยให้ทุกท่านสามารถเล่นได้อย่างถูกทางเข้าใจแบบอย่างรวมทั้งอัตราการจ่ายเงินรางวัล อย่าคอยช้าสมัครปัจจุบันลุ้นรับเงินรางวัลเดี๋ยวนี้เปิดประสบการณ์ใหม่ที่ไม่เคยได้รับจากที่ไหนรับรองว่าไม่ผิดหวังอย่างแน่แท้ ทางทีมงานของเราได้เปิดให้บริการที่สุดแสนจะพิเศษสำหรับสมาชิกทุกคนที่สามารถทำธุรกรรมต่างๆได้ด้วยตนเองเร็วทันใจภายใน10วินาที สล็อตยอดนิยมที่มาแรงที่สุดในปี2022สามารถยืนยันเรื่องความยั่งยืนมั่นคงไม่เป็นอันตรายเล่นได้จ่ายจริง100%
เป็นเศรษฐีในตอนข้ามคืนกันเลยทีเดียวอัตราการได้รับเงินรางวัลสูงถึง90% จะช่วยทำให้การลงทุนของทุกคนได้รับผลตอบแทนที่คุ้มค่าอย่างแน่แท้ สล็อตออนไลน์
Please let me know if you’re looking for a writer for your weblog.
You have some really great posts and I believe I
would be a good asset. If you ever want to take some of the load off,
I’d love to write some content for your blog in exchange for a link back to mine.
Please blast me an e-mail if interested. Thanks!
My website – Vape Shop
Do you mind if I quote a few of your articles as long as I provide credit and
sources back to your blog? My website is in the very same niche
as yours and my users would definitely benefit
from a lot of the information you provide here. Please let me
know if this okay with you. Thank you!
Review my web blog: Vape Shop Philippines
The other day, while I was at work, my cousin stole my apple ipad and tested to
see if it can survive a twenty five foot drop, just so
she can be a youtube sensation. My iPad is now destroyed and she has 83 views.
I know this is totally off topic but I had to share it with someone!
Here is my web blog – online Vape Shop
Exceptional post however I was wanting to know if you
could write a litte more on this subject? I’d be very thankful if
you could elaborate a little bit more. Bless you!
Here is my site; Philippines Vape Shop
Today, I went to the beachfront with my kids. I found a sea shell and
gave it to my 4 year old daughter and said “You can hear the ocean if you put this to your ear.” She put the shell to her ear and screamed.
There was a hermit crab inside and it pinched her ear.
She never wants to go back! LoL I know this is completely off topic but I had
to tell someone!
My homepage; Vape Shop in the Philippines
Today, I went to the beach front with my children. I found a sea shell and gave it to my 4 year old daughter and said “You can hear the ocean if you put this to your ear.” She placed the shell to her ear and screamed.
There was a hermit crab inside and it pinched her ear.
She never wants to go back! LoL I know this is totally off topic but I had to tell someone!
Also visit my web blog … Philippines Vape Shop
I am in fact delighted to glance at this webpage posts
which includes tons of valuable information, thanks for providing these kinds of data.
my webpage – Vape Shops
With havin so much written content do you ever run into any
issues of plagorism or copyright violation? My website has a lot of unique content I’ve either authored myself
or outsourced but it looks like a lot of it is popping it up all over the internet without my authorization. Do you know any ways to help reduce content
from being ripped off? I’d certainly appreciate it.
Also visit my page; Vape Shop Philippines
Hi all, here every one is sharing these know-how,
thus it’s good to read this website, and I used to visit
this webpage everyday.
Here is my web page … Vape
Hi Dear, are you actually visiting this website on a regular basis, if
so after that you will definitely get good knowledge.
Feel free to visit my webpage – Vape Shop
whoah this weblog is wonderful i love studying your articles.
Stay up the great work! You realize, a lot of persons are hunting round for
this information, you could aid them greatly.
Here is my blog post; Vape Shop Philippines
What’s up, just wanted to mention, I loved this post. It was funny.
Keep on posting!
my webpage :: Vape
What’s up to every , since I am really keen of reading this web site’s post to be updated daily.
It contains nice material.
my web page :: brindle boston terrier boston terrier puppies boston terrier puppies for sale boston terrier puppy for sale boston terrier for sale blue boston terrier boston terrier rescue boston terrier puppies for sale near me brown boston terrier boston terrier puppy red boston terrier boston terrier puppies near me boston terrier breeders near me boston terrier colors boston terrier life span brindle boston terrier
hello!,I really like your writing so so much! percentage
we communicate extra approximately your post on AOL?
I require a specialist on this house to solve my problem.
May be that’s you! Looking ahead to look you.
Feel free to surf to my webpage :: Vape
Have you ever considered creating an ebook or guest authoring on other sites?
I have a blog based upon on the same information you discuss and would really like to have you share some stories/information. I know my audience would appreciate
your work. If you’re even remotely interested, feel free to send me an e-mail.
Look into my page … online Vape Shop
Great post. I was checking constantly this weblog
and I am inspired! Very useful information particularly the remaining
phase 🙂 I maintain such information a lot. I was looking for this certain information for a very lengthy time.
Thanks and good luck.
My website … Vape Shop
Greate article. Keep writing such kind of information on your site.
Im really impressed by it.
Hello there, You have performed an incredible job.
I will certainly digg it and personally recommend to my friends.
I am sure they’ll be benefited from this website.
my website :: Vape Shop
What i don’t realize is in fact how you’re
not actually much more neatly-favored than you might be right
now. You’re very intelligent. You know therefore significantly with regards
to this matter, made me in my opinion believe it from a
lot of various angles. Its like women and men are not involved except it is one thing
to accomplish with Girl gaga! Your own stuffs great.
All the time deal with it up!
my web blog :: Standard Poodle
Your style is unique compared to other people I have read
stuff from. I appreciate you for posting when you have the opportunity,
Guess I will just book mark this page.
Take a look at my web-site :: Vape Shops
Have you ever considered about adding a little bit more than just your
articles? I mean, what you say is fundamental and everything.
But just imagine if you added some great photos or video clips to give your posts more, “pop”!
Your content is excellent but with images and clips, this blog could definitely be one of the best in its field.
Awesome blog!
my page tutorial mikrotik
I like the helpful info you provide in your articles. I’ll bookmark
your weblog and check again here frequently. I’m quite certain I will learn plenty of
new stuff right here! Best of luck for the next!
my web blog :: Software Billing Billiard
Hey there I am so happy I found your website, I really found you
by error, while I was looking on Aol for something else, Regardless I am here now and would just like to say many thanks for a
tremendous post and a all round interesting blog (I also love the theme/design), I don’t have time to read it all at the
minute but I have saved it and also added your RSS feeds,
so when I have time I will be back to read a lot more, Please do keep up the superb job.
Feel free to visit my page … Vape
Greate post. Keep posting such kind of information on your blog.
Im really impressed by it.
Hey there, You’ve done a fantastic job. I’ll certainly
digg it and individually suggest to my friends. I am sure they will be benefited
from this website.
my web blog :: Texas
Greetings! Very helpful advice within this article!
It’s the little changes which will make the greatest changes.
Thanks for sharing!
Stop by my blog :: online Vape Shop
I like the helpful info you provide on your articles.
I’ll bookmark your weblog and test once more here frequently.
I am quite certain I’ll learn plenty of new stuff proper here!
Good luck for the following!
Stop by my page … Texas State
Hi all, here every one is sharing such knowledge, so it’s nice to read this web site, and I
used to pay a visit this web site every day.
Here is my web-site Vape
always i used to read smaller articles or reviews which also clear
their motive, and that is also happening with this article which I am reading at
this time.
Here is my web blog; Beagle Puppy
I was suggested this website by my cousin. I am not sure whether this post is written by him as no one else know such detailed about my problem.
You are incredible! Thanks!
my website: Puppy
Thank you for sharing your info. I truly appreciate your efforts and I am waiting for your further post thanks
once again.
Feel free to visit my blog post … Philippines Vape Shop
I’m really loving the theme/design of your website. Do you ever run into any internet browser compatibility issues?
A small number of my blog visitors have complained about
my blog not working correctly in Explorer but
looks great in Safari. Do you have any solutions to help fix this
issue?
Here is my webpage Sheepadoodles
Wow, marvelous blog layout! How long have you been blogging for?
you made blogging look easy. The overall look of your web site is magnificent,
let alone the content!
my homepage :: Vape Shops
Thanks for sharing your thoughts on Vape. Regards
Feel free to visit my site; Philippines Vape Shop
Hi there, I enjoy reading all of your article. I like to write a
little comment to support you.
Here is my web site: Vape Shop Philippines
excellent points altogether, you just won a new reader.
What might you recommend in regards to your submit that you simply made some days ago?
Any sure?
my page Vape Shop in the Philippines
Hi there to every one, the contents existing at this site are really remarkable for people
knowledge, well, keep up the nice work fellows.
my blog post; Vape Shops
This is a topic which is close to my heart…
Cheers! Where are your contact details though?
My blog; Vape Shop in the Philippines
This website was… how do I say it? Relevant!! Finally
I’ve found something that helped me. Cheers!
Also visit my web page: Beagle Puppy
I seriously love your site.. Great colors & theme. Did you make this web
site yourself? Please reply back as I’m trying to create my very own site and want to learn where you got
this from or what the theme is named. Appreciate it!
Also visit my web-site Beagle
Your way of telling the whole thing in this piece of writing is in fact nice, all can easily understand it,
Thanks a lot.
Also visit my blog … Vape
Helpful information. Lucky me I found your web site by chance,
and I’m surprised why this accident didn’t happened in advance!
I bookmarked it.
My blog post Vape Shop Philippines
Thanks for the good writeup. It actually was a enjoyment account it.
Look complicated to far brought agreeable from you! However, how can we communicate?
Feel free to visit my web page Vape Shops
Appreciating the time and energy you put into your site and
in depth information you provide. It’s nice to
come across a blog every once in a while that isn’t the same outdated rehashed information. Fantastic
read! I’ve bookmarked your site and I’m including your RSS
feeds to my Google account.
Feel free to surf to my web blog :: Beagle (Lorrie)
Hello everybody, here every person is sharing such experience,
so it’s good to read this website, and I used to pay a visit this weblog everyday.
My web-site; Vape Shop in the Philippines
whoah this weblog is fantastic i love studying your posts.
Keep up the good work! You know, lots of people are looking around for this info,
you could aid them greatly.
Feel free to visit my site :: Beagle Puppies
This is my first time go to see at here and i am really pleassant to read
all at single place.
Also visit my web site; Puppies
Its like you read my mind! You seem to know a lot about this, like you wrote the book in it or something.
I think that you could do with a few pics to drive the
message home a little bit, but instead of that, this is magnificent blog.
An excellent read. I’ll definitely be back.
Feel free to surf to my homepage Beagle Puppies for Sale in Oregon
Have you ever considered about including a little bit more than just your articles?
I mean, what you say is important and all. But just imagine if you added some great graphics or video clips to give your posts more, “pop”!
Your content is excellent but with images and clips, this website could certainly be one of the very
best in its niche. Awesome blog!
Look at my website; Newark New Jersey
I’ve been browsing online more than 3 hours today, yet
I never found any interesting article like yours.
It’s pretty worth enough for me. Personally, if all webmasters and bloggers made good content as you did, the internet will be much more useful than ever
before.
Here is my web site: United Kingdom
It’s really a great and helpful piece of information. I’m
glad that you just shared this useful information with us.
Please stay us informed like this. Thank you for sharing.
Here is my webpage … Sheepadoodle (Susan)
It’s very effortless to find out any matter on web as compared to books, as I found this piece of writing at this
website.
Visit my homepage … Beagle Puppies for Sale California
That is a good tip especially to those new to the blogosphere.
Brief but very accurate information… Appreciate your sharing this one.
A must read post!
Also visit my web site US
I’m amazed, I must say. Rarely do I come across a blog
that’s equally educative and interesting, and without a doubt,
you’ve hit the nail on the head. The problem is something
which too few people are speaking intelligently about.
Now i’m very happy that I found this during my hunt for something concerning this.
Also visit my web page; Beagle Breader in California
I feel that is one of the such a lot important information for me.
And i’m satisfied reading your article. But wanna observation on few common things, The web site style
is great, the articles is truly excellent : D. Good activity, cheers
Here is my blog post: Naperville Puppies for Sale
Hi there! I could have sworn I’ve been to this web site before but after browsing through many of the
articles I realized it’s new to me. Anyways, I’m definitely happy I stumbled upon it and I’ll
be book-marking it and checking back frequently!
Feel free to visit my webpage … US
Everyone loves it when folks come together and share
opinions. Great blog, continue the good work!
Stop by my website :: Teddy Bear Puppies, Hayden,
Howdy! I know this is kinda off topic but I was wondering if you knew where I could get a captcha plugin for my comment form?
I’m using the same blog platform as yours and I’m having
trouble finding one? Thanks a lot!
My website: Springfield Illinois
I do not know if it’s just me or if perhaps everybody else encountering issues with your website.
It appears like some of the written text in your content
are running off the screen. Can somebody else please provide feedback and
let me know if this is happening to them too? This
could be a issue with my web browser because I’ve had this happen before.
Cheers
My web site :: Puppies for Sale
This is really interesting, You are a very
skilled blogger. I have joined your feed and look forward to seeking more of your
fantastic post. Also, I’ve shared your web site in my social networks!
my web-site: Hurstpier Point
I’m extremely impressed with your writing skills as neatly as with the format for your weblog.
Is this a paid topic or did you customize it yourself?
Anyway keep up the excellent quality writing, it is uncommon to see a nice weblog like this one
nowadays..
Here is my web blog Puppy
Yes! Finally someone writes about Jersey City.
Also visit my webpage … Jersey City New Jersey
I do not know if it’s just me or if everyone else experiencing problems with your blog.
It appears as though some of the text within your posts are running off the screen. Can somebody else
please comment and let me know if this is happening to them too?
This could be a problem with my internet browser because I’ve had this happen previously.
Many thanks
My blog post Brooklyn NY
Today, I went to the beach front with my kids. I found a sea shell and gave it
to my 4 year old daughter and said “You can hear the ocean if you put this to your ear.” She put the
shell to her ear and screamed. There was a hermit crab inside and it pinched her ear.
She never wants to go back! LoL I know this is totally off topic but I had
to tell someone!
My site – State of South Carolina
Today, I went to the beachfront with my kids. I found a sea
shell and gave it to my 4 year old daughter and said “You can hear the ocean if you put this to your ear.” She
placed the shell to her ear and screamed. There
was a hermit crab inside and it pinched her ear.
She never wants to go back! LoL I know this is entirely off topic but I had to tell someone!
Feel free to visit my web page: Manhattan New York
Good article. I am going through many of these issues
as well..
Also visit my blog: Brookylyn
I don’t even understand how I finished up right here, but I thought this post
used to be great. I don’t know who you might be but certainly
you are going to a famous blogger in the event you aren’t already.
Cheers!
Feel free to visit my site Clinic Nicosia
all the time i used to read smaller content that as well clear their motive, and
that is also happening with this paragraph which I am reading at this time.
Feel free to visit my homepage … Sheepadoodle Puppy
It’s a shame you don’t have a donate button! I’d definitely donate to this brilliant
blog! I suppose for now i’ll settle for book-marking and adding your RSS feed to my
Google account. I look forward to fresh updates
and will share this blog with my Facebook group. Talk soon!
my page Illinois
Excellent article. Keep writing such kind of info on your site.
Im really impressed by your blog.
Hi there, You have done a fantastic job. I will definitely digg it and for my part
suggest to my friends. I am sure they will be benefited from this site.
Have a look at my blog Limassol VY (Stephanie)
Hey very nice blog!
Feel free to visit my blog post :: Small Business [Ciara]
Do you mind if I quote a couple of your articles as long as I
provide credit and sources back to your weblog? My blog site is in the
exact same niche as yours and my visitors would really benefit from some of the information you
present here. Please let me know if this ok with you.
Cheers!
Also visit my blog :: Worthing
Way cool! Some extremely valid points! I appreciate you penning this article and
the rest of the site is really good.
Look at my web site; Dog Breeder Illinois
Yes! Finally someone writes about Fort Mill.
Look into my web site Fort Mill South Carolina
After I originally left a comment I appear to have clicked on the -Notify me
when new comments are added- checkbox and from now on whenever a comment is added I get four
emails with the same comment. Perhaps there is an easy method you can remove
me from that service? Cheers!
my web site … Puppies
I really like it when people get together and share ideas.
Great blog, continue the good work!
Here is my webpage … Limassol CY
Helpful info. Fortunate me I discovered your web site by accident,
and I’m stunned why this coincidence did not happened
in advance! I bookmarked it.
Here is my page – US
It’s awesome to visit this site and reading the views of all friends about this
post, while I am also zealous of getting familiarity.
Feel free to surf to my website :: Cocker Spaniel
each time i used to read smaller content
that also clear their motive, and that is also happening with this
post which I am reading here.
Feel free to visit my web page; Naperville Puppies for Adoption
Hi! I just wanted to ask if you ever have any problems with
hackers? My last blog (wordpress) was hacked and I ended up losing a few months of hard
work due to no backup. Do you have any solutions to prevent hackers?
Also visit my site Newark New Jersey
Hello, I enjoy reading through your post. I wanted to write a little comment to
support you.
Here is my page … Puppies (Lashonda)
I like what you guys are up too. Such clever work and coverage!
Keep up the good works guys I’ve added you guys to my personal blogroll.
Also visit my homepage … Newark New Jersey
Hello, yeah this piece of writing is really good and I have learned lot of things from it regarding blogging.
thanks.
my blog post; Cocker Spaniel
Hi, just wanted to mention, I liked this post.
It was inspiring. Keep on posting!
My blog post: Limassol VY
Unquestionably consider that which you stated.
Your favorite justification seemed to be at the internet
the easiest thing to bear in mind of. I say to you, I definitely get irked at the same time as people consider worries that
they plainly don’t understand about. You managed to hit the nail upon the
highest as smartly as defined out the whole thing without having side effect , people can take a signal.
Will likely be back to get more. Thank you
Here is my web blog; Puppies for Sale
I am curious to find out what blog system you happen to
be using? I’m having some small security issues with my latest
site and I’d like to find something more risk-free.
Do you have any solutions?
Here is my page: Dog Breeder Napervile Illinois (Helaine)
What’s up, this weekend is pleasant for me, because this time i am
reading this fantastic informative paragraph here at my house.
Here is my blog Cocker Spaniel for Adoption
Hi there! I could have sworn I’ve been to this web
site before but after looking at a few of the articles I realized it’s new to me.
Regardless, I’m certainly pleased I came across it and I’ll be bookmarking it and checking
back frequently!
my blog – United Kingdom
I think that what you posted was very reasonable. But, think
about this, suppose you wrote a catchier post title?
I am not saying your information is not good., but what
if you added something to possibly get a person’s attention? I mean Engineering a
better Nigeria: Professionalism, the engineering craft, and
the greatness of a nation, By Sam Amadi – Law and Society Magazine.
is a little boring. You might look at Yahoo’s home page and note
how they create post headlines to get viewers
to open the links. You might add a video
or a picture or two to get people excited about everything’ve got to say.
In my opinion, it might bring your blog a little
bit more interesting.
Also visit my web site: New York
เตรียมตัวพบกับพนันสล็อตเว็บตรง สล็อตเว็บตรงที่แตกต่าง
สล็อตออนไลน์มาใหม่เดิมพันสล็อตไม่เหมือนใคร ยินดีชวนคุณมาร่วมสนุกกับการเดิมพันเกมสล็อต สมัครปั่นฟรี สล็อตเว็บตรง แตกง่าย
Howdy! This article could not be written any better!
Reading through this post reminds me of my previous roommate!
He constantly kept preaching about this. I’ll send this article
to him. Pretty sure he will have a great read.
Thanks for sharing!
My website … San Antonio Texas
Hi, Neat post. There is a problem along with your web site in internet
explorer, would check this? IE still is the marketplace chief and a huge
part of folks will leave out your wonderful writing due to
this problem.
Also visit my web blog :: Training Puppies
Thanks very nice blog!
Feel free to surf to my web site :: Sheepadoodle Breeder (Ronny)
Attractive section of content. I just stumbled upon your web
site and in accession capital to assert that I get in fact enjoyed account your blog posts.
Any way I will be subscribing to your feeds and even I achievement you access consistently rapidly.
my blog post; Puppy for sale Naperville Illinois
I am really loving the theme/design of your website. Do you ever run into any browser compatibility problems? A handful of my blog visitors have complained about my blog not working correctly in Explorer but looks great in Chrome. Do you have any ideas to help fix this issue?
Proxyti.com
Hi there, after reading this awesome post i am also
delighted to share my knowledge here with friends.
my web page – Puppy
Hello to every body, it’s my first pay a quick visit of this weblog; this blog carries awesome and genuinely excellent data in favor of visitors.
my web page … UK
Because the admin of this website is working, no hesitation very rapidly it will
be renowned, due to its feature contents.
Here is my site Beagle Puppies for Sale Oregon, Malorie,
Hello, i believe that i saw you visited my weblog thus i got here to return the
favor?.I’m trying to find things to enhance my site!I guess
its good enough to make use of a few of your concepts!!
Also visit my web page Worthing UK
Have you ever considered about adding a little bit more
than just your articles? I mean, what you say is valuable and everything.
But think of if you added some great images or video clips to give your posts more,
“pop”! Your content is excellent but with images and videos, this website could
certainly be one of the best in its field. Great blog!
Feel free to surf to my web-site; State of Colorado
Heya! I realize this is kind of off-topic however I had to ask.
Does building a well-established website like yours take a lot of work?
I’m brand new to operating a blog but I do write in my diary on a daily basis.
I’d like to start a blog so I can share my personal experience and views online.
Please let me know if you have any kind of recommendations or
tips for new aspiring blog owners. Thankyou!
Here is my page – Puppy Adoption
I do accept as true with all of the ideas you have introduced
to your post. They’re very convincing and will certainly work.
Nonetheless, the posts are too quick for newbies.
May just you please extend them a little from next time?
Thanks for the post.
my blog post … Cocker Spaniel for Sale
Hey very cool website!! Man .. Excellent .. Superb ..
I’ll bookmark your web site and take the feeds additionally?
I’m glad to seek out a lot of helpful info right here
within the post, we’d like develop more techniques on this regard, thanks
for sharing. . . . . .
Feel free to surf to my site Limassol VY
When I initially commented I appear to have clicked the -Notify me when new comments are added- checkbox and from now on each time a comment is added I get 4 emails with the same comment.
There has to be a means you are able to remove me from that service?
Many thanks!
my page :: Brooklyn New York
I’m extremely impressed with your writing skills as well as with the layout on your weblog.
Is this a paid theme or did you modify it yourself?
Anyway keep up the nice quality writing, it is rare to see a great blog like this one
nowadays.
Feel free to visit my blog; North Carolina
hello there and thank you for your info – I have certainly picked up anything new from right here.
I did however expertise some technical issues using this site, since I experienced to reload the site many times previous to I could get it to load properly.
I had been wondering if your web host is OK? Not that I am complaining, but slow loading instances times will often affect your placement
in google and can damage your quality score if ads and marketing with Adwords.
Well I am adding this RSS to my email and can look out for a lot more of your respective fascinating content.
Ensure that you update this again very soon.
My web site: Sheepadoodle
Hmm it looks like your site ate my first comment (it was
extremely long) so I guess I’ll just sum it up what
I submitted and say, I’m thoroughly enjoying your blog.
I too am an aspiring blog writer but I’m still new to the whole thing.
Do you have any recommendations for newbie blog writers? I’d certainly appreciate it.
Have a look at my blog post … business funding
Attractive section of content. I just stumbled upon your site and in accession capital to assert that I acquire actually enjoyed account your blog posts.
Any way I’ll be subscribing to your feeds and even I achievement you access
consistently rapidly.
Take a look at my page: Puppy for sale Illinois
Hi! Do you use Twitter? I’d like to follow you if that would be ok.
I’m definitely enjoying your blog and look forward to new updates.
Feel free to visit my blog post State of South Carolina (Mervin)
We’re a group of volunteers and opening a new scheme in our community.
Your web site provided us with valuable info to work on.
You’ve done a formidable job and our entire community will be grateful to you.
my blog Business Lending
It’s difficult to find experienced people on this subject, but you
sound like you know what you’re talking about! Thanks
Here is my webpage … Limassol VY [Dee]
You need to be a part of a contest for one of the highest quality blogs online.
I most certainly will recommend this blog!
Take a look at my web site; Brooklyn NY
Wonderful, what a blog it is! This website presents useful information to us, keep it up.
Feel free to visit my website; Manhattan New York
I’m impressed, I must say. Rarely do I come across a blog that’s both educative and amusing, and let me tell you, you’ve hit the nail on the head.
The issue is an issue that too few people are speaking intelligently
about. Now i’m very happy that I found this during my hunt for something
regarding this.
My site Cocker Spaniels (Molly)
Hey are using WordPress for your blog platform? I’m new to the blog world but I’m trying to get started
and create my own. Do you need any coding expertise to make your own blog?
Any help would be really appreciated!
Feel free to visit my webpage: Limassol VY
I constantly spent my half an hour to read this blog’s posts every
day along with a mug of coffee.
My webpage … Worthing
This design is wicked! You definitely know how to keep a reader amused.
Between your wit and your videos, I was almost moved to start my own blog (well, almost…HaHa!) Great job.
I really loved what you had to say, and more than that, how you
presented it. Too cool!
Also visit my webpage … Cocker Spaniels
Very rapidly this site will be famous among all blog users, due
to it’s fastidious content
Feel free to surf to my blog post: Sheepadoodle Puppy
I got this web site from my pal who informed me
concerning this web site and now this time I am visiting this website and reading very informative content here.
my homepage; Newark New Jersey
Everything is very open with a clear description of the issues.
It was really informative. Your site is useful. Many thanks for sharing!
Check out my blog post – things to do in Colorado [Lon]
Howdy! Would you mind if I share your blog with my zynga group?
There’s a lot of people that I think would really enjoy your
content. Please let me know. Many thanks
my web blog … things to do in Colorado
Does your website have a contact page? I’m having a tough time
locating it but, I’d like to send you an e-mail.
I’ve got some suggestions for your blog you might be interested in hearing.
Either way, great site and I look forward to seeing it develop over time.
My web blog; Hove
I got this web site from my buddy who informed me regarding
this web site and at the moment this time I am browsing this web site and reading very informative content at this place.
Also visit my web site :: Sheepadoodle Puppies
What a information of un-ambiguity and preserveness of precious
know-how concerning unpredicted feelings.
Also visit my blog … Brookylyn
Link exchange is nothing else but it is just placing the other person’s web site link on your page
at proper place and other person will also do same in favor of you.
Also visit my web blog: สมัครสล็อตxo
continuously i used to read smaller posts that also clear their motive, and that is also
happening with this piece of writing which I am reading
at this time.
Also visit my web page … NC
whoah this blog is great i love studying your posts.
Keep up the good work! You recognize, many people are looking around for this
information, you could aid them greatly.
my homepage wing1688
Hey there! This is kind of off topic but I need some help from an established blog.
Is it very difficult to set up your own blog?
I’m not very techincal but I can figure things out pretty
quick. I’m thinking about creating my own but I’m not sure where to begin. Do you have any ideas or suggestions?
Appreciate it
my web-site – Newark New Jersey
Hello! I just wanted to ask if you ever have any issues with hackers?
My last blog (wordpress) was hacked and I ended up losing several weeks of hard work
due to no data backup. Do you have any solutions to protect against hackers?
Also visit my page :: Sheepadoodle Breeders
(Caitlyn)
It is appropriate time to make a few plans for the
future and it’s time to be happy. I’ve read this publish
and if I may I wish to recommend you few attention-grabbing things or
tips. Maybe you can write subsequent articles referring to this article.
I desire to read more things approximately it!
my homepage Sheepadoodle Puppies (Alyssa)
This text is worth everyone’s attention. When can I find out
more?
Also visit my blog post … Cocker Spaniel for Adoption (Melba)
I’m curious to find out what blog platform you’re
working with? I’m experiencing some small security issues with my latest site
and I would like to find something more safe.
Do you have any solutions?
Check out my page; Newark New Jersey (Chloe)
Do you have a spam issue on this blog; I also am a blogger, and
I was curious about your situation; we have
developed some nice methods and we are looking to trade techniques with
other folks, please shoot me an e-mail if interested.
My site … Teddy Bear
Great article! We will be linking to this particularly great content on our site.
Keep up the great writing.
Also visit my site … Newark New Jersey
When I initially commented I clicked the “Notify me when new comments are added” checkbox
and now each time a comment is added I get four emails with the same comment.
Is there any way you can remove people from that service?
Thanks a lot!
my site – City of Chicago
It’s an remarkable post in support of all the internet
users; they will obtain benefit from it I am sure.
my blog post – Puppies for sale Aurora
If you are going for most excellent contents like me, simply
go to see this web page everyday since it provides feature contents, thanks
Also visit my webpage :: San Jose CA
I am no longer positive the place you’re getting your information, however good topic.
I must spend a while studying more or understanding more.
Thanks for wonderful info I was on the lookout for this information for my
mission.
Feel free to visit my page … Beagle Breader in California
I’m amazed, I must say. Seldom do I encounter a blog that’s equally
educative and entertaining, and without a doubt,
you have hit the nail on the head. The issue is something too
few people are speaking intelligently about. I am very happy
I came across this in my search for something regarding this.
My site: Mini Bernedoodle
Hi there just wanted to give you a quick heads up. The text in your article seem to be running
off the screen in Ie. I’m not sure if this is a format issue or something to do with browser compatibility
but I thought I’d post to let you know. The style and design look great though!
Hope you get the problem solved soon. Cheers
Visit my web-site … Brooklyn NY
I was able to find good information from your blog posts.
Look at my web page … Beagle Breeder California
Pretty nice post. I simply stumbled upon your blog and wanted to say
that I’ve really enjoyed browsing your blog posts.
In any case I will be subscribing to your feed and I hope you
write once more very soon!
Have a look at my web site: Puppies for sale Aurora Illinois
It’s an remarkable post in favor of all the internet users;
they will obtain advantage from it I am sure.
Here is my page San Jose California (Dustin)
These are truly great ideas in on the topic of blogging.
You have touched some nice things here. Any way keep up wrinting.
Visit my web page – Cocker Spaniels
Wow, wonderful blog layout! How long have you been blogging for?
you made blogging look easy. The overall look of your site is wonderful, as well
as the content!
Take a look at my webpage – Newark New Jersey
bookmarked!!, I love your web site!
Visit my site :: Mini Goldendoodle Breeders Indiana
Helpful info. Lucky me I found your web site by accident, and I am stunned why
this accident didn’t took place earlier! I bookmarked it.
my web blog :: Beagle Puppies for Sale in California
When I originally left a comment I seem to have clicked on the -Notify me when new comments
are added- checkbox and from now on every time a comment is added I get 4 emails with the exact same comment.
Is there a way you are able to remove me from that service?
Thanks!
Visit my web blog; Sheepadoodle Puppies
Hello, just wanted to tell you, I enjoyed this article.
It was helpful. Keep on posting!
My web site; San Antonio Texas
These are genuinely enormous ideas in on the topic of blogging.
You have touched some nice factors here. Any way keep up wrinting.
my blog post … Eugene OR
Howdy! This post couldn’t be written any better!
Going through this post reminds me of my previous roommate!
He always kept talking about this. I’ll send this information to him.
Pretty sure he’ll have a good read. Many thanks for sharing!
Feel free to visit my homepage: Teddy Bear Puppies
Hi! I’ve been following your blog for a long time now and
finally got the bravery to go ahead and give you a shout out
from Dallas Texas! Just wanted to say keep up the good work!
Feel free to visit my web site Mini Goldendoodle Breeders
Indiana (Nina)
Woah! I’m really digging the template/theme of this website.
It’s simple, yet effective. A lot of times it’s difficult to get that “perfect balance” between usability and visual appearance.
I must say that you’ve done a amazing job with this.
In addition, the blog loads super quick for me on Firefox.
Exceptional Blog!
Feel free to visit my blog post: Alexandria VA
Greetings! Very useful advice in this particular post!
It’s the little changes that make the greatest changes. Thanks a lot for sharing!
Here is my blog San Jose CA
You have made some decent points there. I checked on the internet for additional information about the issue and found most individuals will go along with your
views on this website.
Also visit my page … Mini Goldendoodle Breeders Iowa
Hmm is anyone else having problems with the pictures on this blog loading?
I’m trying to figure out if its a problem on my end or if it’s the blog.
Any suggestions would be greatly appreciated.
Also visit my web page – Mini Bernedoodle – Sue
–
I believe this is among the most important information for me.
And i am glad studying your article. But should remark on few general
issues, The web site taste is great, the articles is actually excellent :
D. Just right activity, cheers
Look at my blog post – San Francisco California
Hello mates, pleasant piece of writing and nice urging commented
at this place, I am truly enjoying by these.
Look into my website … San Antonio Tx
It’s a shame you don’t have a donate button! I’d certainly donate
to this outstanding blog! I suppose for now i’ll settle for bookmarking and
adding your RSS feed to my Google account. I look forward to fresh updates and will talk
about this website with my Facebook group. Chat soon!
my blog … Chicago (Angel)
Hello! I could have sworn I’ve visited this blog before but after looking at some of the
posts I realized it’s new to me. Anyhow, I’m definitely pleased I discovered
it and I’ll be bookmarking it and checking back often!
Feel free to surf to my web site: Business Funding
I think this is among the most important info for me. And i am glad reading your article.
But want to remark on some general things, The web site style is great, the articles is really great : D.
Good job, cheers
My web site – City of Austin
I am now not certain the place you’re getting your info, however great
topic. I needs to spend a while studying much more or working
out more. Thanks for magnificent information I used to be looking for this info for my mission.
Here is my web site … Puppy
What’s up colleagues, fastidious paragraph and pleasant arguments commented at this place, I am actually enjoying by these.
Here is my blog; Colorado
I absolutely love your blog and find the majority of your post’s to
be what precisely I’m looking for. Would you offer guest writers to write content for you personally?
I wouldn’t mind writing a post or elaborating on most of the subjects you write concerning
here. Again, awesome web site!
Stop by my blog post State of North Carolina
I’m truly enjoying the design and layout of your
blog. It’s a very easy on the eyes which makes it much more
enjoyable for me to come here and visit more often. Did you hire out
a designer to create your theme? Exceptional work!
Review my blog … City of Austin
My brother suggested I would possibly like this web site.
He was totally right. This publish actually made my day.
You cann’t believe just how much time I had spent for
this info! Thank you!
Also visit my homepage: IA
Hello there! Do you know if they make any plugins to assist with Search Engine Optimization?
I’m trying to get my blog to rank for some targeted keywords but I’m not seeing very good
gains. If you know of any please share. Cheers!
My website: Chicago (Edna)
Pretty section of content. I just stumbled upon your
blog and in accession capital to assert that I acquire actually enjoyed account your blog posts.
Any way I’ll be subscribing to your augment and even I achievement you
access consistently quickly.
my web site; City of San Antonio